Transcript File - Mr McCoy`s World: History Ancient

The Heritage of World Civilizations
Ninth Edition
Chapter
3
Greek and Hellenistic
Civilization
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Greek and Hellenistic Civilization
• The Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland
to ca. 1150 B.C.E.
• Greek “Middle Age” to ca. 750 B.C.E.
• The Polis
• Expansion of the Greek World
• Life in Archaic Greece
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Greek and Hellenistic Civilization
(continued)
•
•
•
•
•
Major City-States
The Persian Wars
Classical Greece
Emergence of the Hellenistic World
Hellenistic Culture
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Bronze Statue
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The Bronze Age on Crete and on
the Mainland to ca. 1150 B.C.E.
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Introduction
• About 2000 B.C.E., Greek speaking people
settled the lands surrounding the Aegean
Sea
 Contact with Egypt, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor
 Greeks forged their own unique ideas, values
• Polis – city-state – foundation of Greek life
• Conflict with the Persian empire
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Introduction (cont’d)
• Extraordinary cultural achievements
• Eventual fall to Macedonians
 Expansion in Hellenistic age
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Minoans - 3rd and 2nd Millennia
• Minoan Bronze Age civilization on island of
Crete
 Major influence on early Greeks
 Named after Minos, legendary founder
• Early, Middle, and Late Minoan
• Cnossus - extraordinary remains
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Minoans - 3rd and 2nd Millennia
(cont’d)
• Early forms of writing
 Evidence of early form of Greek
• Trade with the Mycenaeans
 Eventually fall to Mycenaeans
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A Minoan Fresco
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Mycenaeans (2000-1100 B.C.E.)
• Earliest Greek-speaking society
 Influenced by Minoans, but very different
• Mycenaeans were warriors
 Independent, well-organized monarchies
 Tholos tombs
 Wanax - title of Mycenaean king
• Height of power – 1400-1200 B.C.E.
• Sacked Troy around 1250 B.C.E.
 Inspiration for Homer’s Iliad, Odyssey
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Fall of Mycenaean Power
• Palaces destroyed, cities abandoned,1100
B.C.E.
 Art, way of life, and writing system buried and
forgotten
• Possible invasion of Greece by the
Dorians
• Resulted in dispersion of Greeks and
Greek dark “Middle Age,” lasting to 750
B.C.E.
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Global Perspective: The Achievement of
Greek and Hellenistic Civilization
• Why are the achievements of Greek
culture so fundamental to the development
of Western civilization?
• In what ways was Greece influenced by
neighboring civilizations? Which
civilizations had the most influence on
Greek culture, and why?
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Global Perspective: The Achievement of
Greek and Hellenistic Civilization (cont'd)
• How did the Hellenistic era differ from the
Hellenic? What made Hellenistic culture
more cosmopolitan than Hellenic culture?
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Greek “Middle Age” to ca. 750 B.C.E.
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Age of Homer (1100-750 B.C.E.)
• Greek “Middle Age”
• Homer wrote of Mycenaeans
 But reflected age he lived in – 700s
• Kings less powerful than Mycenaean
rulers
 Limited, constitutional government
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Age of Homer (1100-750 B.C.E.)
(cont’d)
• Sharp class divisions - society was
aristocratic
 Values - physical prowess, courage,
protection of one’s friends, property, honor
and reputation
 Arete - courage, manliness
 The agon – contest – was the best test of
arete
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Map 3–1. The Aegean Area in the Bronze Age
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The Trojan Horse
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Attic Wine Cup
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The Polis
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The Polis and the Hoplite Phalanx
• City-state
 Characteristic Greek institution
 Thought of as a community of relatives
 Agora - marketplace and civic center
- Heart of Greek social life
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The Polis and the Hoplite Phalanx
(cont’d)
• Hoplite phalanx
 Dominant military force in Mediterranean
 Phalanx and polis heralded the decline of
kings
 Bond between aristocrats and farmers
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Husband and Wife in Homer’s
Troy
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The Polis (cont’d)
• Agora
• hoplite phalanx
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Expansion of the Greek World
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Expansion of the Greek World
• Tremendous expansion from 750 B.C.E.
 Fringe of Mediterranean
 Magna Graecia
• Relieved pressure and land-hunger
 Safety valve for poleis to escape civil wars
• Panhellenic (“all-Greek”) spirit
 Common religious festivals - Olympia, Delphi
 Encouraged trade and industry
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The Tyrants (ca. 700-500 B.C.E.)
• Economic expansion brought social
pressures
• Tyrant - monarch who had gained power in
unorthodox way
 Strong one-man rule - might be popular
- Expelled aristocratic opponents
- Public works projects, land division
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The Tyrants (ca. 700-500 B.C.E.)
(cont’d)
• Tyrants disappeared - some outrages
 Concept of tyranny was inimical to ideal of
polis
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Map 3–2. Phoenician and Greek Colonization
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Attic Jar
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Chronology: Rise of Greece
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Life in Archaic Greece
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Life in Archaic Greece
• Features of Greek life coming into focus
 Increasing role of merchants, artisans
 Farmers - simple, hard life, Hesiod’s Works
and Days, 700 B.C.E
 Aristocrats - rich enough to employ
-
Hired laborers, sharecroppers, slaves
Symposion
Athletic contests
Running, long jump, discus, javelin, pentathlon,
boxing, wrestling, chariot race
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Religion
• Worship did not involve great emotion
 No hope for immortality
 Justice lay in paying one’s debts
• Cult of Apollo at Delphi very important




Priests preached moderation
“Know thyself” and “Nothing in excess”
Sophrosyne - self-control
Hubris - arrogance
- Leads to divine vengeance
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Gods - Pantheon
• Zeus - father of the gods
• Hera - Zeus’ wife
• Zeus’s siblings
 Poseidon - god of the seas and earthquakes
 Hestia - goddess of the hearth
 Demeter - goddess of agriculture and
marriage
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Gods – Pantheon (cont’d)
• Zeus’s Children
 Aphrodite - goddess of love and beauty
 Apollo - god of the sun, music, poetry,
prophecy
 Ares - god of war
 Athena - goddess of wisdom and the arts
 Hephaestus- god of fire and metallurgy
 Hermes- messenger of the gods
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Hesiod’s Farmer’s Almanac
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Hesiod’s Farmer’s Almanac
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The God Dionysus Dances with
Two Female Followers
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Major City-States
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The City-States
• Great variety
• Commonalities
• Sparta and Athens notable
 Powerful, influential
 Sharp contrasts
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Sparta
• Second Messenian War, 650 B.C.E.
 Fear of Helots
 Transformation of society
• Control exerted over each Spartan from
birth
 Powerful commitment to polis
 Ambition - glory and respect by glory in war
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Sparta (cont’d)
• Spartan girls had greater freedom
• Mixture of monarchy, oligarchy, democracy
• Leadership of Peloponnesian League
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Spartan Warrior
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Athens - Early Tensions
• Initially an aristocratic polis
 No written law code
 Areopagus - council of nobles
 Elected magistrates, archons
• Agrarian crisis
 Economic and social pressures
 Many debtors pledged family as surety
 Many defaulted and enslaved
• Solon elected archon, 594 B.C.E.
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Map 3–3. The Peloponnesus
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Solon (ca. 639-559 B.C.E.)
• Shaking off of burdens”
 Canceled current debts
 Forbade future debts secured by one’s
person
 Freed Athenians enslaved for debt
• Expanded citizenship
 Included immigrant artisans and merchants
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Solon (ca. 639-559 B.C.E.) (cont’d)
• Divided citizenry into four classes
 Third class - serve in council of 400
 Thetes - fourth class - voted in assembly
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Pisistratus (605?-527 B.C.E.)
• Seizes power as tyrant in 546 B.C.E.
 Increased power of central government
- At expense of nobles
 Public works projects
 Supported poets and artists
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Map 3–4. Attica and Vicinity
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Clisthenes and Democracy
• Central aim of Clisthenes’ reforms
 Diminish influence of noble factions
- Four tribes become ten tribes
- New council of 500
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Clisthenes and Democracy (cont’d)
• Assembly of all adult male Athenian
citizens
 Final authority, all subjects
 Debate in assembly was free and open
 Any Athenian could submit or debate
legislation
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The Persian Wars
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The Persian Wars
• Asia Minor fell under Lydian then Persian
control
• Greek city-states on Ionian coast rebel
• Persians under Darius invade in 490
 Marathon - Greek victory under Miltiades, 490
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The Persian Wars (cont’d)
• Xerxes – (486-465 B.C.E.)
 Massive invasion in 481 B.C.E.
 150,000 men and 600 ships
 Greek victories at Thermopylae, Salamis
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Chronology: Key Events in the Early History of
Sparta and Athens
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Brief Description
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A Closer Look: The Trireme
• What advantages do you think the Trireme
had over other kinds of warships? What
disadvantages can you think of?
• What is the significance, military and
political, of having these ships rowed by
free citizens?
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The Trireme
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Classical Greece
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Classical Greece
• Victory in Persian Wars
 150 years of intense, almost unmatched
cultural achievement
 Two powers
- Sparta - Peloponnesian League
- Athens - Delian League
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Classical Greece (cont’d)
• Delian League
 Successful against Persia
 Greek victory at the Eurymedon River, 467
B.C.E.
 Leadership of Cimon (d. 449 B.C.E.)
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Map 3–5. Classical Greece
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Chronology: Greek Wars Against Persia
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First Peloponnesian War
• Collapse of Cimon’s authority
 Supported positive relations with Sparta
• Rebellion of Thasos against Delian
League
 Thasians appeal to Sparta for aid
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First Peloponnesian War (cont’d)
• War began when Megara switched sides
from Sparta to Athens
 Athens suffers defeat in Egypt versus Persia
• Athenian leader Pericles
 Agrees to thirty years truce with Sparta
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Athenian Empire and Democracy
• Reign of Pericles - best and worst in
Athens
• Athens bullies other city-states
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Athenian Empire and Democracy
(cont’d)
• Freest government world had ever seen





Citizenship was key
Every decision approved by citizen assembly
Collection of people, not their representatives
All public officials subject to scrutiny
No standing army or police force
- No way to coerce people
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Map 3–6. The Athenian Empire ca. 450 B.C.E.
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Chronology: Key Events in
Athenian History Between the
Persian War and the Great
Pelopennesian War
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Women of Athens
• Women excluded from most aspects of
public life
 Always under control of male guardian
 Married very young
• Divorce difficult to obtain
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Women of Athens (cont’d)
• Main function was to produce male heirs
 Carefully segregated from men
 Men could seek sexual gratification outside
marriage with prostitutes
• Yet, strong women in Greek tragedy and
comedy
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Medea Bemoans the Condition
of Women
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Great Peloponnesian War
• Thirty Years’ Peace lasted ten years
 Spartan strategy - invade and crush army
 Athenian strategy - raids on coast
• Athenian decline after death of Pericles,
429
 Peace of Nicias in 421
 Alcibiades (ca. 450-404)
 Athenian disaster at Sicily in 413
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Great Peloponnesian War (cont’d)
• Spartan leader Lysander
 Athens surrenders in 404 B.C.E.
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Chronology: The Great Pelopennesian War
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The Delian League Becomes the
Athenian Empire
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The Acropolis
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Struggle for Greek Leadership
• Spartan hegemony
 Handed Ionian Greek city-states to Persia
 Lysander installs “Thirty Tyrants” in Athens
 Loss to Thebans at Leuctra in 371 B.C.E.
• Theban hegemony
 Generals - Pelopidas and Epaminondas
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Struggle for Greek Leadership
(cont’d)
• Second Athenian empire
 Repeat mistakes of Delian League
• Return to disorganization and warfare
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Fifth Century B.C.E. Culture
• Two sources of tension fueled creativity
 Pride in accomplishments vs. fear of hubris
 Hopes of individual vs. limits of state
• Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
• Architectural achievements under Pericles
 Pericles - Athens as “school of Hellas”
 Temples to honor city’s gods
 Projected Athenian greatness
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Attic Tragedy and Comedy
• Tragedy
 Religious observations in honor of Dionysus
 Questions of religion, ethics, morality
- Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.E.)
- Sophocles (ca. 496-406 B.C.E.)
- Euripides (ca. 480-406 B.C.E.)
• Comedy
 Aristophanes (ca. 450-385 B.C.E.)
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History
• Herodotus (484?-425? B.C.E.)
 “The father of history” - studied Persian War
 Attempted to explain human actions
 Draw instructions from them
• Thucydides (ca. 460-ca. 400 B.C.E.)
 History of the Peloponnesian War
 Used evidence to try and discover meaningful
patterns of human behavior
 Understanding of history - guide to future
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Fourth Century B.C.E. Culture
• Middle Comedy
 Turn away from life of polis
 Towards everyday life, family, satire
• New Comedy
 Menander (342-291 B.C.E.)
• Tragedy faded - revivals of classics
 Euripides becomes a favorite
 Psychology of individual human beings
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Chronology: Spartan and Theban Hegomonies
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Overview: Greek Civilization
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Emergence of the Hellenistic World
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Emergence of the Hellenistic World
• Hellenism – period of spread,
transformation of Greek culture
• Period from Alexander to Julius Caesar
• Influence of Macedon
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Macedonian Conquest
• Kingdom of Macedon
• Philip of Macedon (r. 359-336 B.C.E.)
 Admiration for Greek culture
 Undermined Athenian control of Aegean
 Defeated Athens in 338 B.C.E.
- Role of Philip’s son Alexander
- End to Greek freedom and autonomy
- Philip assassinated in 336 B.C.E.
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Alexander the Great (356-323)
• Alexander’s personality
• Invasion of Persia in 334 B.C.E.
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Battle of Granicus River, 334 B.C.E.
Battle of Issus, 333 B.C.E.
Fall of Persepolis, 330 B.C.E.
Alexander enters Indus Valley, 327 B.C.E.
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Alexander the Great (356-323)
(cont’d)
• Death, 323 B.C.E.
• Alexander’s place in history
• Man of vision vs. murderous tyrant
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Alexander and Darius
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Map 3–7. Alexander’s Campaigns
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Alexander’s Successors
• Ptolemy I –(67?-283 B.C.E.)
 Ptolomies - Thirty-first dynasty in Egypt
• Seleucus I (358?-280 B.C.E.)
 Seleucid dynasty in Mespotamia
• Antigonus I (382-301 B.C.E.)
 Antigonid dynasty in Asia Minor and Macedon
• Tremendous trade and prosperity
 Greece, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia
- One single political, economic, cultural unit
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Chronology: Rise of Macedon
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Hellenistic Culture
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Hellenistic Culture
• Significant turning point in Greek culture
 Dominant role of polis is lost
 Arrogant Greek humanism gives way to
- Resignation to fate, helplessness
• Plato’s Academy
 Becomes center of skepticism (Pyrrho of Elis)
• Aristotle’s Lyceum
 Center of literary and historical studies
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One of the Masterpieces of Hellenistic
Sculpture, the Laocoön
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Epicureans
• Epicurus of Athens (342-271 B.C.E.)
• Goal was happiness, not knowledge
 Achieved through a life based on reason
• Gods took no interest in human affairs
• Goal was to liberate people from the fear
of death, the gods, and the supernatural
 Hedonistic - identified happiness with
pleasure
 Absence of pain and trouble
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Stoics
• Zeno of Citium (335-263 B.C.E.)
• God and nature are the same
 Humans must live in harmony with
themselves
• Logos - divine reason
 Guiding principle in nature
• Source of misery is passion
• World is a single large polis
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A Page from On Floating Bodies
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Plutarch Cites Archimedes and
Hellenistic Science
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Literature, Mathematics, Science
• Alexandria - center of Hellenistic world
 Museum - great research institute
 Library - great body of past Greek literature
• Euclid - 3rd century B.C.E.
 Elements of plane and solid geometry
• Archimedes of Syracuse (ca. 287-212
B.C.E.)
 Theory of lever, invented hydrostatics
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Literature, Mathematics, Science
(cont’d)
• Aristarchus of Samos (ca. 310-230 B.C.E.)
 Heliocentric theory of universe
• Ptolemy of Alexandria - 2nd century B.C.E.
• Eratosthenes of Cyrene (ca. 275-195
B.C.E.)
 Circumference of earth, treatise on
geography
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Map 3–8. The World According to
Eratosthenes
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Review Questions
• Describe the Minoan civilization of Crete.
How did the later Bronze Age Mycenaean
civilization differ from the Minoan
civilization in political organization, art
motifs, and military posture? How valuable
are the Homeric epics as sources of early
Greek history?
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Review Questions
• Define the concept of polis. What role did
geography play in its development, and
why did the Greeks consider it a unique
and valuable institution?
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Review Questions
• Compare the fundamental political, social,
and economic institutions of Athens and
Sparta about 500 B.C.E. Why did Sparta
develop its unique form of government?
What were the main stages in the
transformation of Athens from an
aristocratic state to a democracy between
600 and 500 B.C.E.?
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Review Questions
• Why did the Greeks and Persians go to
war in 490 and 480 B.C.E.? What benefit
could the Persians have derived from
conquering Greece? Why were the Greeks
able to defeat the Persians, and how did
they benefit from the victory?
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Review Questions
• How was the Delian League transformed
into the
• Athenian Empire during the fifth century
B.C.E.? Did the empire offer any
advantages to its subjects? Why was there
such resistance to Athenian efforts to unify
the Greek world in the fifth and fourth
centuries B.C.E.?
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Review Questions
• Why did Athens and Sparta come to blows
in the Great Peloponnesian War? What
was each side’s strategy for victory? Why
did Sparta win the war?
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Review Questions
• Using examples from art, literature, and
philosophy, explain the tension that
characterized Greek life and thought in the
Classical period. How does Hellenistic art
differ from that of the Classical period?
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Review Questions
• Between 431 and 362 B.C.E. Athens,
Sparta, and Thebes each tried to impose
hegemony over the city-states of Greece,
but none succeeded except for short
periods of time. Why did each state fail?
How was Philip II of Macedon able to
conquer Greece? Where does more of the
credit for Philip’s success lie: in Macedon’s
strength or in the weakness of the Greek
city-states? What does your analysis
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Review Questions
• What were the major consequences of
Alexander’s death? Assess the
achievements of Alexander. Was he a
conscious promoter of Greek civilization,
or just an egomaniac drunk with a lust for
conquest?
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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