Transcript File - Mr McCoy`s World: History Ancient

The Heritage of World Civilizations
Ninth Edition
Chapter
8
Imperial China
589–1368
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
Albert Craig • William Graham • Donald Kagan • Steven Ozment • Frank Turner
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Imperial China 589–1368
• Reestablishment of Empire: Sui (589–618) and
Tang (618–907) Dynasties
• Transition to Late Imperial China: The Song
Dynasty (960–1279)
• China in the Mongol World Empire: The Yuan
Dynasty (1279–1368)
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
Albert Craig • William Graham • Donald Kagan • Steven Ozment • Frank Turner
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Imperial China 589–1368
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•
•
•
•
•
•
Group 1 – pages 192-194: Sui
Group 2 – pages 194-196: The Tang Dynasty
Group 3 – pages 196-198: The Tang Empire
Group 4 – pages 199-201: The Tang Culture
Group 5 – pages 202-208: The Song
Group 6 – pages 209-212: The Yuan
Group 7 – pages 212-213: The end
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
Albert Craig • William Graham • Donald Kagan • Steven Ozment • Frank Turner
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Group 1 – pages 192-194: Sui
Sui Wendi: Founded the Sui Dynasty
● Mixed ChineseTurkic ancestry
● Under his rule all went well
● Palaces Built
● Great Wall rebuilt
● Peace maintained with Turkish tribes
● Eastern Turkish chiefs given to Chinese princesses
2nd Sui Emperor
● Led to hostilities and wars
● Natural Disasters
● Court bankruptcy, demoralized and rebellions broke out
● Founder of Tang empire was related to Sui empress
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
Albert Craig • William Graham • Donald Kagan • Steven Ozment • Frank Turner
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 1 – pages 192-194: Sui
1) (Short Answer) How did the Sui Dynasty compare to
the Qin Dynasty. Explain How they were alike.
Answer:
Many historians believe that the Sui Dynasty and Qin
Dynasty were much alike. They both created unity after
bringing China to a single government. They were both
short-lived dynasties based around the military. The falls of
these two governments were caused by a rebellion. Then
replaced by a long lasting Dynasty. Pg. 193 194
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
Albert Craig • William Graham • Donald Kagan • Steven Ozment • Frank Turner
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Group 1 – pages 192-194: Sui
2) (Short Answer) How did Sui Wendi impact the Sui dynasty
compared to the second Sui emperor?
Answer: Sui Wendi was a general of ChineseTurkic descent. He
founded the Sui Dynasty in 589 C.E. As a ruler, Sui Wendi was quite
successful. The Great Wall was rebuilt, palaces were built, peace was
maintained between the Chinese and the Turkic tribes that were situated
along the Chinese border. The relationship between the Turkics and
Chinese were strengthened because of the arranged marriages between
Turkic generals and Chinese princesses. When compared to Sui Wendi,
the second ruler of the Sui dynasty was not as successful as the first.
Under his rule, natural disasters would frequently occur, hostilities and
wars broke out because of the Chinese’s attempt to involve themselves in
Steppe politics. The court experienced bankruptcy and was morally
discouraged. Rebellions started coming one after another. This lead to
fall of the Sui dynasty and the beginning of the Tang Dynasty. Pg 193 194
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
Albert Craig • William Graham • Donald Kagan • Steven Ozment • Frank Turner
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Group 1 – pages 192-194: Sui
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
Albert Craig • William Graham • Donald Kagan • Steven Ozment • Frank Turner
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Group 2 – pages 194-196:
The Tang Dynasty
●Sui capital renamed Chang’an
● Dynasty spread through China
● Emperor was first a provincial governor, then rebel general
● Three main government Bodies.
○ Military affairs – supervised army.
○ Council of State – Managed policies and met daily with emperor.
○ Censorate – watched government behavior, had power to remove
emperor
●Council of State was made of three smaller branches.
○ Secretariat, Chancellery, and State affairs.
● Recruitment of officials favored aristocrats.
● All land was property of emperor
○ Land was distributed to farmers
○ Taxes paid in grain and labor
○ Aristocrats received exceptions and grains
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 2 – pages 194-196:
The Tang Dynasty
● Wu Zhou
○ Young concubine who charmed weak emperor
○ Ruled as regent then deposed her son
○ Only female empress
○ Ruled for 22 years
○ Buddhist, saw herself as a messiah
○ Built Buddhist temples all over
○ Turned to Scholars of the North Gate, broadened
government
● Xuan Zong
○ Reformed government finances
○ Repaired Grand Canal
○ Confucianist
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 2 – pages 194-196:
The Tang Dynasty
● Chang’an (Imperial City)
○ Administrative center based on taxes
○ Designed to show power
○ Trade center
○ Population of about 50 million, largest city at the time
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 2 – pages 194-196:
The Tang Dynasty
1. How did Wu Zhao manage to become emperor? (pg 195)
She was first a concubine to the second emperor. She then seduced
his heir and became his empress. The emperor then suffered with a
stroke and she dominated the court. When he died she became the regent
and finally emperor by usurping her son. Each time she moved up in the
ranks she did so in steps so that the transition was smoother and people
were more accepting of her as emperor.
2. What were the three most important sects under the emperor in the
Tang Dynasty? Describe them. (pg 194)
The three most important sects under the emperor in the Tang dynasty
were the Military Affairs, Council of State, and the Censorate. The Military
Affairs was the commander in chief of the armies in that he ruled over
along with the emperor. The Council of State being the most important
sect met with the emperor on a daily basis. The Council of State is made
up with the head Secretariats. Lastly the Censorate was the watchdog of
not only every day citizen, but even the emperor.
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
Albert Craig • William Graham • Donald Kagan • Steven Ozment • Frank Turner
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Group 2 – pages 194-196: The
Tang Dynasty
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 3 – pages 196-198:
The Tang Empire
● The threats to the Tangs, were Tibetan (west), Turks(North), and
the Khitan Mongols.
● The Tang state established a four tier policy which included four
things to protect their borders
○ sending out armies to attack the turks
○ they used nomads against other nomads
○ defense along the chinese border including the great wall
○ bringing the potential enemies into the empire as a tributary
● Emperors were weak and the borders contracted
● China became a model for other nations in Asia
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 3 – pages 196-198:
The Tang Empire
● Middle of the eighth century
○ Decline started
○ Other countries started to turn against them
○ Eventually lead to shutdown caravan trade and a rebellion
● New emperor took over after rebellion, turks looted chang’an in return for
help
● China smaller, but had better military and was more stable
● New tax system, fixed quota for each province (lasted until 16th Century)
● Government got even weaker as time passed
● By 9th century China had much inner turmoil and the government was
crumbling
● By the 880s China had been split up by warlords, government had fallen
apart
● Within 50 years a new dynasty arose
● Didn't stay separated like after the Han dynasty
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 3 – pages 196-198:
The Tang Empire
1st Q: What does Li Bo’s poem represent about the armies of the
Tang Dynasty?
1st A: Li Bo’s poem represented two things about the Tang armies.
The first was how taxing it was mainly to send men out to the
battlefield. The second point was that most of the warriors died in
battle, so the soldiers are just being sent to be slaughtered.
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
Albert Craig • William Graham • Donald Kagan • Steven Ozment • Frank Turner
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Group 3 – pages 196-198: The
Tang Empire
2nd Q: How did the 4 tiered defense system help protect China’s
borders from foreign invaders?
2nd A:
a) The 1st tier helped them by keeping the enemy in their places. It
showed the power China had and how much control it had over
its own military.
b) The 2nd made the tribes outside of China focus on each other
and that primarily made them leave China alone.
c) The 3rd tier kept the invaders at bay so that China could regroup
and make a new military plan.
d) The last tier was making them a tributary, so that they would rely
mostly on China and not want to fight with the country they were
dependent upon.
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
Albert Craig • William Graham • Donald Kagan • Steven Ozment • Frank Turner
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Group 3 – pages 196-198: The
Tang Empire
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
Albert Craig • William Graham • Donald Kagan • Steven Ozment • Frank Turner
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Group 4 – pages 199-201: The
Tang Culture
Tang Culture
● India and Asia influenced China throughout trade, lifestyle, and
religion. Indian and Asian music nearly erased Tang music
● Religion was a large aspect of daily life.
○ China developed a church establishment similar to the one in
Europe
○ Churches were also schools, inns, and bathhouses
○ Buddhism thrived under the Tang
● Buddhist sects
○ Maitreya: Buddhist extremists
○ Amitabha Buddha: Study of Amitabha to reach enlightenment
○ Zen: Reaching enlightenment through labor
Daoist views spread through poetry and secular movement.
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
Albert Craig • William Graham • Donald Kagan • Steven Ozment • Frank Turner
Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 4 – pages 199-201: The
Tang Culture
1. How did the Buddhist church influence life in
China during the Tang Dynasty in more ways
than just religion?
The church controlled medicinal trade, the bank, education,
and the afterlife. The control on the medicinal trade would
have impacted the Chinese because that means medicine
could have been forged, faked, over produced or falsely
advertised because of the common religion. The church
controlled the people’s money meaning if a divine reason
was given, the church could most likely take the money.
Since the church commanded the education of China’s
youth would have led to the raising of more buddhist youth,
therefore spreading the religion. (P. 199)
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 4 – pages 199-201: The
Tang Culture
2. During the Tang Dynasty, the Buddhist religion went
under its golden age within China. Did this golden
age stop, slow, or progress other religions and
philosophies, why?
The Tang dynasty progressed other religions by influencing
other philosophies and beliefs. As Secular art grew Daoist
writings and teachings started to develop and spread. Two
main contenders to the spread of Daoism were Li Bo and
Du Fu. These poets spread their Daoist views in their
poetry. These writings were so successful because they
discussed pleasantries that all people in China enjoyed,
including wine, nature, and beauty. (P. 200201)
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 5 – pages 202-208: The
Song
Agricultural Revolution of the song: From Serfs to
Free Farmers
● The fading of aristocracy influenced the power of
farmers and the district magistrate. This changes the taxes
and laws.
● Changes:
○ End of the equal field system, which gave cultivators more
independence of land.
○ Taxes changed from paying in grain, to paying with money.
○ Conscription disappeared and was replaced with a trained army.
○ New commercial crops appeared.
○ Tea and cotton became more common.
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 5 – pages 202-208: The
Song
Commercial Revolution of the Song
● Technological Advances
○ The abacus
○ Gunpowder was used in projectiles and grenades
○ Improvements made in textiles and porcelain
○ In the north, coal was used in blast furnaces for iron and steel smelting
Led to improvements in tools and weapons
○ Printing began- used carved seals
Earliest woodblock text used to print Buddhist subjects appeared
in 7th century
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 5 – pages 202-208:
The Song
Commercial Revolution of the Song
● Trade and Currency
○ During the Tang, mainly silk
○ In the Northern Song, copper coins were used; holes put in
the center
■ 1,000 coins on a string used for large transactions
○ In Southern Song, silver coins made to complement the
copper ones
○ Populations quadrupled
○ Raw materials imported, finished goods exported
Government: From Aristocracy To Autocracy
● China’s age of monarchy/autocracy after Tang
● Revenues peaked
● Examinations System for becoming government official
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Group 5 – pages 202-208:
The Song
Song Culture
- Best culture of China
- Poetry, philosophy, painting, history
- Zhu Xi and Neo-Confucianism with Buddhist elements
- Su Dungpo, great poet
- Conservative versus reformers
- Chinese art, painting and calligraphy related
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 5 – pages 202-208:
The Song
1.
a)
b)
c)
How did Zhu Xi influence Confucianism?
Had elements of Buddhism
More otherworldly features
Neo-Confucianism used in examinations
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Group 5 – pages 202-208:
The Song
2. How did the fading power of aristocracy in the
beginning of the Song empire influence the
agricultural aspect and government aspect of the
empire?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Farmers rising in power
Taxes in money instead of grain
Conscription replaced with professional army
End of equal field system
New commercial crops
Tea and cotton more common
Increased authority of the district magistrate
Appearance of the scholar-gentry class.
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 6 – pages 209-212:
The Yuan
Notes Part l
● The Mongols created the greatest empire in the world.
● Nomadic people, herded sheep and horses, clans made up of tribes.
● Large because of expansion.
● Called themselves the “people of the felt tents.”
● Mongol women were more free than Chinese women.
● Founder: Temujin/Genghis Khan, born 1167
● Language: Altaic
● Raided for wealth, and riches
● Worshipped nature deities, and supreme sky god
● Shamans- religious specialists
● Conquered vastly denser populations
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 6 – pages 209-212:
The Yuan
Notes Part ll
● Organized armies into “myriads.”
● Great military tactics, adapted and adopted other military tactics.
● They were able to conquer quickly and covered vast distances thanks to
their mobility and prowess in battle.
● Used terror as a weapon. ←-very effective
● Had strengths other than their military.
● Genghis designed laws to prevent warring from the tribes that would
undermine the empire. Followers were extremely loyal.
● Lacked religious zeal, yet still able to successfully conquer.
● Demonstrated the pattern that nomadic outsiders were threats to China.
● Kublai Khan- mixtures of Chinese and Mongolian culture.
● ~400,000 Mongols lived in China during Yuan period, had to stay separate
to remain in control. “Uneasy symbiosis.”
● Communication through interpreters, didn’t learn each other’s languages.
● Without cooperation of Chinese officials, Mongol rule would’ve been
impossible.
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 6 – pages 209-212: The
Yuan
Questions
1. How did the Mongols stay in power during the Yuan period
without proper communication (didn’t speak each other’s
languages) in China?
2. Using the information you have learned from the previous
chapter, which Chinese philosophy(ies) do you think the
Mongols demonstrated based on the information in this
chapter? (Confucianism, Legalism, Buddhism, Daoism, etc.)
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 6 – pages 209-212: The
Yuan
•
While the Mongols were in control in China, many didn’t learn to
speak Chinese, nor did the local people attempt to learn Mongolian.
They did have interpreters, but this was a significant lack of
communication. And yet, they were able to stay in power. They used
military force and fear tactics to rule. However, they also continued
to rule because local Chinese officials were running the
government, and dealing with the people, while the Mongols simply
ruled over them. So the Mongol’s power was more of a title, than an
actual role. The Chinese may have been allowed to continue
governing themselves because of the Mongol’s choice not to learn
the local language. Because the Mongols were only able to stay in
power because of the cooperation of the Chinese officials, their
collapse was partly due to the lack of support from them. Perhaps if
better communication had taken place, a better support foundation
would have been formed, leading to the extended rule of the
Mongols. (pages 209 and 212)
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 6 – pages 209-212: The
Yuan
Mongols demonstrated based on the information in this chapter?
(Confucianism, Legalism, Buddhism, Daoism, etc.)The Mongols
believed in nature deities and a supreme sky god, as well as
having religious specialists called shamans that communicated
with the gods. This is very similar to the Daoist emphasis on
nature. However, in contrast to this, they were also seemed partly
Legalist because of the value they placed on expansion and a
centralized government rather than on the well-being of their
people, and the people they conquered. This shows that they were
probably more Legalist than Daoist, as they were more cruel and
militaristic
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 7 – pages 212-213: The end
Foreign Contacts and Chinese Culture
● Diplomacy and trade connected China with western
civilizations
● The Chinese Influenced the other civilizations with their:
1. Silk
2. Pottery
3. Knowledge of printing
4. Way of painting
5. Style
● Marco Polo introduced China to Europe through his writings
● Because of Polo, Christopher Columbus wanted to search
for this land full of culture and wealth
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Group 7 – pages 212-213: The end
The Mongols highly tolerated other religions, and
because of this, many different religions were
introduced to their people:
1. Christianity (Nestorian)
2. Buddhism (both Tibetan and Chinese)
3. Islam
4. Even Confucianism was thought of as a religion
● The monks and teachers of each of these religions
were exempt from paying taxes
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Group 7 – pages 212-213: The end
● Despite having wide contacts with other peoples and
religions, the Chinese culture was only influenced a little.
1. China had little to learn from other areas
2. The centers of Chinese culture were in the south, which
were the areas least affected by the Mongols
● Theater arts during the Yuan was flourishing
1. Men played the parts of women
2. Plays always ended with a happy ending
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 7 – pages 212-213: The end
Last Years of the Yuan
● Shortest of China’s major dynasties
● The Mongols believed the khans were becoming too Sinicized (Chinese)
● The government started to become corrupt, and the generals did not do
anything to prevent the fall of the dynasty
Problems Which Led to the Fall of the Dynasty
● Problems arose in the countryside, too
1. Taxes were heavy
2. Flooding of the Yellow River
3. Land officials were corrupt
4. Rebellions occurred
4. Military commanders tried to end the rebellions, but failed
● The Mongol empire ended when the emperor fled to Shangdu
(Mongolia) out of fear
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 7 – pages 212-213: The end
1.
How was Chinese culture influential to other cultures? How was
it influenced by other cultures? What was Chinese culture like
under the Mongols?
(Page 212) Diplomacy and trade helped connect Europe and China. Trade
spread many Chinese ideas, knowledge, cultures, and even people. Chinese
communities would start to show up in major trading centers expanding
their influence on other cultures. Due to trade camel caravans started up in
China and port cities enlarged. Chinese art was a huge influence to the art of
other cultures including the Persians who were inspired by ceramics and
paintings. Medicine, knowledge of printing and gunpowder were adopted by
other cultures and used to make life easier. At this point Asia was a huge
influence on many cultures but Europe remained in the dark.
(continued next slide)
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Group 7 – pages 212-213: The end
Before Marco Polo documented his travels in China Europeans had not
thought much of other cultures. In fact they were in disbelief when they were
told that tons of wealth and culture was outside Europe altogether. Marco
Polo’s book did end bringing popularity to the geography in China and many
explorers including Marco Polo set off to explore Asia. Another explorer, Ibn
Battuta, also documented his travels through the Mongol world giving a
bigger picture of what Chinese culture was like.
Different religions influenced China. Under the Mongols a variety of
different religions were tolerated. One of these religions was Nestorian
Christianity which came to China from Persia. Churches appeared in cities
and missions came from Rome. Tibetan Buddhism was the favorite of the
Mongols. Priests and monks from any religion were not taxed. Religion
became extremely important and even philosophies such as Confucianism
were considered religions.
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 7 – pages 212-213: The end
1.
•
•
•
•
•
What contributed to the fall of the Yuan Dynasty? (Name two and
explain)
Heavy taxes were placed, but when the people tried to pay their
taxes, the government did not accept the payments because the
money became valueless
Land officials were corrupt
Rebellions
The emperor fled out of fear
Natural disasters (the flooding of the Yellow River)
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 1 – pages 192-194: Sui
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Pg 192
Sui & Tang = Second empire
Song = Third empire
Yuan = Fourth empire
Tang= The favorite dynasty
● Influenced others: Japan, Korea, 7 Vietnam
● Also well known
for their poetry
Song= Rivaled the Tang in the arts
● During this time, it was China’s great age of painting and philosophy
● Not militarily strong, but had important commercial revolution
Yuan= Short lived
dynasty
● Ruled by the Mongols
● Became the most important unit in the largest empire the world has yet seen
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 1 – pages 192-194: Sui
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Pg 192
Sui & Tang = Second empire
Song = Third empire
Yuan = Fourth empire
Tang= The favorite dynasty
● Influenced others: Japan, Korea, 7 Vietnam
● Also well known
for their poetry
Song= Rivaled the Tang in the arts
● During this time, it was China’s great age of painting and philosophy
● Not militarily strong, but had important commercial revolution
Yuan= Short lived
dynasty
● Ruled by the Mongols
● Became the most important unit in the largest empire the world has yet seen
The Heritage of World Civilizations, Ninth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Group 1 – pages 192-194: Sui
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Pg 193
The Sui
Sui Wendi
● Talented general of mixed ChineseTurkic ancestry
● Came to power & began the Sui dynasty
● Unified the north, restored tax base, reestablished a centralized bureaucratic
government
● Went on to conquer south China
● Huge palaces arose in Wei valley capital
● Great Wall was rebuilt
● Grand Canal was constructed linking the Yellow and Yangtze rivers
● This enabled northern conquers to tap the wealth of central and southern China
● Peace was maintained with Turkic tribes
● Second Sui emperor was also constructive
● Attempted to meddle in steppe politics leading to hostilities and wars
● Court became bankrupt and demoralized
● Rebellions broke out
● This led to the short lived Sui dynasty
● Like the Qin, the Sui did too much too quickly
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Copyright ©2011, ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Group 1 – pages 192-194: Sui
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pg 194
With the first Tang emperor taking over the Sui dynasty, he renamed the capital Chang'an.
Extended its authority all over China
First Tang Emperor had been a provincial governor before he became a rebel general, and
appointed officials.
Aggressive Chinese army campaigns pushed Chinese borders.
Government was consisted of the main parties, Censorate, Military Affairs, and Council of
State, and minor parties like the Six Ministries.
Each part of government worked in unison.
Military Affairs= supervise the Tang armies with the emperor, the commander in chief
Censorate= reported instances of misgovernment directly to the emperor, also remonstrate
with the emperor when it considered his behavior improper
Council of State= most important body, met up daily with the emperor and was made up of
the heads of the Secretariat which drafted policies, the Chancellery which reviewed them,
and State Affairs which carried them out.
Six Ministries continued as the core of the central government
The Tang Empire conquered and rebuilt what the Sui lost.
The Tang had a complex set of government organizations.
Land was recollected by emperors, and was later distributed to farmers.
A landtax “equal field system” was created, and confirmed the state holdings.
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Group 1 – pages 192-194: Sui
• Questions:
• 1. In what ways did the Tang government
improve the securities of their empire, and its
people?
• 2. Who was the first emperor of the Sui
Dynasty, and how did he unify China?
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Group 1 – pages 192-194: Sui
•
•
Answers:
1.) The government of the Tang Empire was an overlapping system of security.
The organization of the government allowed each branch to have posed
authority amongst themselves, and above its citizens. The Censorate reported
instances of misgovernment of/to the emperor. The Council of State drafted
policies, and once reviewed by the Chancellery, was carried out by State
Affairs. The Council of State met with the emperor daily, and ensured that
governments were in order, and its citizens satisfied.
•
2.) The first emperor of the Sui dynasty was Sui Wendi. To unify China, he first
unified the north, then restored the tax base, reestablished a single, centralized
bureaucratic government, and went on to conquer southern China. He also
rebuilt the Great Wall and constructed the Grand Canal linking the Yellow and
Yangzi rivers.
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Group 2 – pages 194-196: The
Tang Dynasty
• Important Facts:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. The Tang dynasty was extremely well organized and long lasting.
2. The three highest levels of government after the emperor were,
Military Affairs, the council of state, and the Censorate.
3. The censorate were a branch of government that reported instances
of misgovernment and advised the emperor.
4. The three branches of the Council of State are: Secretariat, State
Affairs, and Chancellery.
5. Wu Zhao ascended to the power of emperor, and was the only
female to hold that title in Chinese history.
6. Xuan Zong was the emperor after Wu. He reformed government
finances and his reign is considered “culturally brilliant.”
7. Chang’an emerged as the capital and administrative center in the
Tang Dynasty.
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Group 2 – pages 194-196: The
Tang Dynasty
• Key Questions
• 1. Q: Name and describe the three highest
levels of government, after the emperor, in the
Tang Dynasty.
• 2. Q: How did the Secretariat, State Affairs, and
Chancellery work together?
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Group 2 – pages 194-196: The
Tang Dynasty
1. A: The Military affairs supervised the Tang armies with
the emperor. The Censorate had watchdog functions
such as reporting times when the government
mistreated its people and advising the emperor. The
Council of State was the most important branch of
government and made up the next three levels of
government. (p. 194)
2. A: The Secretariat branch drafted policies which the
Chancellery then reviewed them. After the Chancellery
reviewed policies presented by the Secretariat branch,
the State Affairs would then carry them out. (p. 194)
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Group 3 – pages 196-198: The
Tang Empire
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
To protect its border, they employed a four tier policy
● First tier Sent
armies to protect borders
● Second tier Used nomads against other nomads
● Third tier Have a defence against China’s borders including Great Wall
● Fourth tier Bring a potential enemy into the empire as a tributary In 8th
century, China began to decline
● Tribes in Manchuria became unruly
● Tibetans threatening borders
● Overtaxed army
● Sogdian general led a rebellion that swept through northern China
● Emperor fled to Sachuwan and chased after a girl, losing the ability to
rule
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Group 3 – pages 196-198: The
Tang Empire
After a decade of wars, a new emperor restored the dynasty with the
help of the Uighur Turks
● Uighurs got to loot Chang’an as a reward Most important reform was
that of the land system
● Replaced the equal field system with a tax collected twice a year
Government began weakening further (9th century half and forward)
● Autonomous provinces
● Wars, bandits, droughts, uprisings
● By 880’s warlords had carved all of china into independent kingdoms
907 AD Tang Dynasty fell
● Changed something in China
● Didn’t go through centuries of war after the fall unlike the Han
dynasty
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Group 3 – pages 196-198: The
Tang Empire
1. What effect did the Tang dynasty have on the
embassies?
2. What was the four tier policy? What were two of
the policies and their effect?
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Group 3 – pages 196-198: The
Tang Empire
•
•
#1 When the embassies went to China, they had to bring gifts to the
Tang court. In return, they were housed fed and sent them back with
gifts. An embassy gained access to the entire range of Tang culture
and technology. Due to this, China was able to exert great influence.
Their neighbors became somewhat Sinicized. Page 197
#2 They sent out armies in order to protect the borders. Secondly,
they used nomads against other nomads to eliminate each other.
Next, they defended China’s borders, including the Great Wall.
Lastly, the fourth line of defense was to bring in the potential enemy
and position them as a tributary. The armies were expensive but
were extremely efficient yet impermanent. Sometimes after
defeating a neighboring enemy, it opened up trade routes that would
be used afterwards for centuries. Tributaries brought cultural
influences throughout china, and strengthened by forming alliances
with neighboring civilizations. Page 196 197
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Group 4 – pages 199-201: The
Tang Culture
Tang Culture
● The rise of creativity during this time period came from the Juxtaposition and
interaction of cosmopolitan, medieval Buddhist and secular elements.
● The cosmopolitan nature of the Tang culture is due to its contact with
foreigners and accepting.
● The Tang dynasty was the golden age of Buddhism in China.
● This was the only dynasty in china that had a church establishment on par of
medieval europe.
● During the Tang Period other sects began to form and compete with in
Buddhism.
● Also during this dynasty famous poets such as Li Bo and Du Fu were
making poetry.
● Li Bo was neither wholly secular nor Buddhist, he was better considered
Daoist.
● His opinion was that life is short the universe is large but he would not
renounce the world.
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Group 4 – pages 199-201: The
Tang Culture
• 1QHow was China affected (changed) by the
uprising of the Tang culture?
• 2QLi Bo’s has a philosophy that life is short but
the Universe is large, but this does not make
him renounce the world. How can you see this
philosophy in this poem he wrote. (Li Bo poem
I’ll rap this Mighty Mudball of a world all up in a
bag, and be wild and free like Chaos itself. )
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Group 4 – pages 199-201: The
Tang Culture
• 1Answer: Tang culture changed China into a more
religious place. Churches were established and different
sects. began to form. Tang also made China more
tolerant of other cultures compared to other dynasties,
who looked upon foreigners as barbarians.
• 2Answer: He sees that the Earth is filled with order, yet
life is very short for all humans, so he would like to live
his life free and without worry so he may enjoy his time
on Earth in the fullest way possible.
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Group 5 – pages 202-208: The
Song
Agricultural revolution Of The Song: From Serfs To Free Farmers
○ Communication of labor tax to money tax gave farmers control
for their time.
○ Taxes paid and ordered maintained affairs would be handled
and left in the hands of village elites
○ Scholar gentry closer to magistrate than villager shares interest
w/ local landholders.
● Government: From Aristocracy to Autocracy
○ Emperors had more direct control over offices
○ As a result, they had become almost full autocrats
○ His future officials were mainly people who passed the
examinations,
rather than mainly aristocrats
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Group 5 – pages 202-208: The
Song
● Commercial Revolution of the Song
○ Technology advanced greatly
○ Allowed trade to grow extending relations out of China
○ Population of Northern Song quadrupled after the Tang,
Southern Song grew even more
● Song Culture and Accomplishments
○ Song was the peak of traditional culture and was China’s
greatest age of pottery and porcelains
○ Song’s greatest achievements were philosophy, painting and
poetry
○ A rising economy with developing schools, higher literacy, and
spread printing
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Group 5 – pages 202-208: The
Song
• Questions:
• 1. What caused aristocracy to vanish in the Song?
(pg.204)
• 2. What were the technological advances and how did it
help the Song dynasty? (pg. 203204)
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Group 5 – pages 202-208: The
Song
1. The emperors in the Song had a more direct control over its
advisors, becoming almost full autocrats. A combination of population
growth, agricultural wealth, and the establishment of government
monopolies on salt, wine, and tea led to a very well funded
government. They also levied taxes on foreign trade. When these
commercial revenues became too strong, it surpassed the aristocrats’
land taxes, leading to their eventual disappearance.
2. The technological advances were the compass, gunpowder and the
use of printing and grenades/ projectiles. The weaponry advances
allowed the Song to be more superior than outside enemies. The
technological advances also opened trade to other outside empires
and allowed to import products that is not known to their area.
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Group 6 – pages 209-212: The
Yuan
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
● Greatest empire ever
● Women were more free,
● Nomadic people, raised horses, herded sheep
● Language was Altaic
● Worshiped minor nature god’s and a supreme god of the sky
● Shamans communicated with the gods
● Temujin(11671227, aka Genghis Khan), founder of the empire
● Total population around this time(12th century) is 1.5 million.
● Great toleration of other religions
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Group 6 – pages 209-212: The
Yuan
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
● Military was strong and advanced
● Armies organized into myriads of 10,000 troops with sub divisions
of 1,000 100 and 10.
● Elaborate signals used that could move troops like a board game
to retreat, turn, flank and destroy the enemy.
● Calvary was feared greatly along with the compound bow used
by the rider.
● Was stronger than English longbow but small enough to use on
horse back.
● Terror used as weapon to conquer
● Military leaders help a higher status and were valued more than
court officials
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Group 6 – pages 209-212: The
Yuan
• ● Fast travelers to war but always came back if new
successor is to be chosen
• ● High taxes and corrupt officials lead to the decline of
the Yuan dynasty
• ● Mongols didn't bother to learn Chinese used
interpreters
• ● The Mongol Empire became separated
• ● Natural disasters lead to expensive reforms and huge
labor forces
• ● The emperor fled his people when an army attacked
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Group 6 – pages 209-212: The
Yuan
Answers:
1. The Mongol army was organized into myriads(groups of 10,000 troops) under
Genghis Khan and from there sub divisions of 1,000, 100, and 10. To move these
troops, signals were used to direct the army when and where to retreat, turn, flank
and attack. Calvary wielding compound bows were one of the most feared troops
because of their power and speed along with efficiency in war. Another tactic used
by the Mongols was terror. The Mongol military was so strong because their
leaders held a higher status than the court officials.
2. They Yuan dynasty collapsed in a similar manner to the others dynasties
according to the dynastic cycle even though the dynasty didn’t last as long as the
others. Disputes and fights between the military generals broke out starting the
decline. Along with this decline came the usually, heavy taxes, countryside
problems around, paper money wasn’t accepted by the government even though
they issued it. The rest of the problems were just natural. Along with these
problems from people came the flooding or the Yellow River causing uprisings in
the 1350s. Military commanders became Warlords as economic regions
depopulated. When a rebel army in threatened Beijing, the last emperor fled and
with no successor, the dynasty was done.
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Group 6 – pages 209-212: The
Yuan
• Questions:
• 1. How was the Mongol military organized
and what were their battle strategies?
• 2. What events and factors lead to the
collapse of the Yuan dynasty?
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Group 7 – pages 212-213: The end
• FACTS:
• The Mongol empire’s contact with other sophisticated
civilizations, like the Arabians and Persians, through
trade and diplomacy promoted cultural diffusion which
led to the sharing of ideas and religions.
• Marco Polo’s discoveries were distributed in Europe
which inspired people to explore the world.
• The Mongols provided benefits like tax breaks for
religious leaders and monks. Also, they were tolerant to
many various religions like Buddhism, Christianity, and
even Confucianism ( though it is a philosophy).
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Group 7 – pages 212-213: The end
• FACTS:
• Art was a major part of Chinese culture that had a big
impact.
• Positive messages from theater; ceramics
• Yuan began declining after Kublai’s move to Beijing
• Natural disasters, corrupt government, and internal
conflicts led to the fall of the Yuan.
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Group 7 – pages 212-213: The end
Question #1: T/F. If false, explain why.
• Was all of China greatly influenced by the various
religious groups that occupied the Mongol Empire?
• Question #2: List and provide specific details of
three causes of the fall of the Yuan dynasty.
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Group 7 – pages 212-213: The end
• Question #1: T/F. If false, explain why.
• False; the higher culture of China was partially isolated
from the rest due to the fact that it was centered in
southern China where there was not as much influence
from Mongol rule.
•
Natural Disasters the change of course of the Yellow River had a
very negative effect on the economy because it flooded canals that
brought grain to the capital. Corrupt government distributed large
sums of paper money, but would not accept it when people used it to
pay taxes. Internal conflict revolts and uprisings broke out after
natural disasters took place in the 1350’s.
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Group 7 – pages 212-213: The end
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“Lady Wenji’s Return to China: Wenji
Arriving Home.”
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Global Perspective: Imperial China
• In what ways did China and Europe
parallel each other in their development
until the sixth century C.E.? How did they
diverge after that?
• Why did China witness the reunification of
empire after the fall of the Han Dynasty,
whereas after the fall of Rome, Europe
was never again united in a single empire?
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Global Perspective: Imperial China
(cont'd)
• Why did Tang and Song China enjoy
longer stretches of good government than
anywhere else in the contemporary world
during the same period?
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Introduction
• Sui Dynasty (589-618)
 Reunification
• Tang Dynasty (618-907)
 High point in poetry
 Influenced Japan, Korea, Vietnam
• Song Dynasty (960-1279)
 Most brilliant age in philosophy since Zhou
• Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368)
 Empire
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Reestablishment of Empire:
Sui (589–618) and
Tang (618–907) Dynasties
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Move to Reunification
• After confusion of Six Dynasties period
 Push for re-creation of centralized
bureaucratic empire modeled on earlier Han
state
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Move to Reunification (cont’d)
• First steps taken by Northern Wei (386534)





Northern Sino-Turkic state
Moved court to Luoyang
Made Chinese the language of the court
Adopted Chinese dress and surnames
Imposed new land tax
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Sui Dynasty (589-618)
• Sui Wendi (d. 605)
 General of mixed Chinese-Turkish ancestry
• Unification and reestablishment of
centralized bureaucratic government
• Great Wall rebuilt
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Sui Dynasty (589-618) (cont’d)
• Grand Canal constructed
 Linked Yellow and Yangtze rivers
• Similar to earlier Qin
 Short-lived military dynasties restored order
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Tang Dynasty (618-907)
• First Tang emperor - former Sui provincial
governor
 Retook Sui capital and renamed it Chang’an
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Tang Dynasty (618-907) (cont’d)
• Emperor reconciled conflicting sets of
interests
 Bureaucratic government centralized under
him
 Concessions to the aristocrats
-
Tax system
“Equal field system”
Exemptions
Aristocrats as high officials
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Figure 8–1. Tang Government Organization.
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Map 8–1. The Tang Empire at Its Peak during
the Eighth Century
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Sui Governmental Structure
• Organization under three organs
 Military Affairs - supervised armies
 Censorate - watchdog functions
 Council of State - met daily with emperor
- Secretariat - drafted policies
- Chancellery - reviewed policies
- State Affairs - carried out policies
• Six Ministries
 Core of central government
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Empress Wu 626-706
• Originally concubine for the second
emperor
• Became empress of third Tang emperor
 Poisoned or eliminated all rivals
 Regent for her son for seven years
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Empress Wu 626-706 (cont’d)
• Deposed him and ruled as emperor herself
 Only woman in Chinese history to hold title
 Moved court to Luoyang
• Fervent Buddhist and built temples
• Scholars of the North Gate
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Chang’an of Xuanzong
• Xuanzong (r. 713-756)
 Reformed government finances
 Grand Canal repaired
 New census
• Splendor of Chang’an
 Population of one million
 Trading center
 Great walls enclosed thirty square miles
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Map 8–2. Chang’an
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Tang Empire
• Territorial expansion and contraction
 Threats from Tibetans, Turks, Mongols
• Four-tier policy to protect borders




Sent armies if all else failed
Alliances with nomads against nomads
Border defense, including Great Wall
Bring enemy into empire as tributary state
- Significance of embassies
- Access to Tang culture and technology
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Chronology:
Imperial China
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Rebellion and Decline
• Problems with Manchurians, Tibetans,
Arabs
• An Lushan rebellion
• Order restored with aid of Uighur Turks
• Land reform
 Equal field system eliminated
 Replaced with fixed quota on each province
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Rebellion and Decline (cont’d)
• More wars
• Bandits and warlords
• Collapse, 907
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Relief of Tang Emperor’s Horse
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Overview: Chinese Policy toward Barbarians
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Tang Culture
•
•
•
•
Cosmopolitan because of its openness
Flow of Indian art and philosophies
Widespread commercial contacts
New religions - Nestorian Christianity,
Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, Judaism,
Islam
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Tang Figurine
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Tang Culture (cont’d)
• Central Asian music and musical
instruments
• Golden age of Buddhism in China
 Spread of temples and monasteries
 Temples served as schools, inns, bathhouses
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Buddhist Sects
• Tiantai sect
 Principal in early Tang
• Maitreya
 Buddha will appear and create a paradise on
earth
• Amitabha - Lord of the Pure Land
 Salvation by reliance on Amitabha
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Buddhist Sects (cont’d)
• Chan (Zen in Japan)
 Buddha was a human teacher
 Enlightenment by each individual’s efforts
 Regimen of physical labor and meditation
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Caravaneer on a Camel
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Secular Scholarship
• Tang culture marked the reappearance of
secular scholarship and letters
• Scholarly-bureaucratic complex emerged
• Expansive production of poetry
• Official history of the previous dynasty
• Compilation of dictionaries
• Commentaries on Confucian classics
• Ghost stories and tales of adventures
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A Tang Painting of the Goddess
of Mercy
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Li Bo (701-762)
• Daoist?
• Swordsman and carouser
 “Bring on the Wine”
 “Drinking Alone in the Moonlight”
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The Tang Poet Li Bo
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Li Bo (701-762) (cont’d)
• Poetry is clear, powerful, passionate
 Sensitive to beauty
 Sense of fantasy
 Life is brief and universe is large
• Along with Du Fu - greatest poets
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A Poem by Li Bo
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Du Fu (712-770)
• Stoic in nature?
• Friend of Li Bo
• Life of hardship
 Failed metropolitan exams, poverty
 Captured by An Lushan rebels
• Poetry is less lyrical and more allusive
than Li Bo
 More compassion for human suffering
 Humans are short-lived and nature endures
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Transition to Late Imperial China:
The Song Dynasty (960–1279)
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Transition to Late Imperial China:
The Song Dynasty (960–1279)
• Agricultural Revolution of the Song: From
Serfs to Free Farmers
• Commercial Revolution of the Song




Emergence of the Yangtse Basin
New Technology
Rise of a Money Economy
Trade
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Transition to Late Imperial China:
The Song Dynasty (960–1279) (cont'd)
• Government: From Aristocracy to
Autocracy
• Song Culture
 Philosophy
 Poetry
 Painting
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Song Dynasty (960-1279)
• Reunified China in 960
 Northern Song (960-1127)
- Capital at Kaifeng
 Southern Song (1127-1279)
- Capital at Hangzhou
• Continued changes begun in Tang era in
economy, state, society, and culture
- These changes help explain why China did not
lapse into disunity after eventual collapse
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Agricultural Revolution
• Aristocracy weakened
• Farmers could buy and sell land
 Taxes paid in money
 Conscription disappeared
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Map 8–3. The Northern
Song and Liao Empires
(Top) and the Southern
Song and Jin Empires
(Bottom).
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Agricultural Revolution (cont’d)
• Changes in technology
 New early-ripening rice – double-cropping
 Water control projects
 Tea, cotton
• Appearance of scholar-gentry class
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Irrigation Methods on a Farm in the
Yangzi Valley
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Commercial Revolution
• Song economy reached new prosperity
• Importance of Yangzi basin
• New technology and innovations
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Coal and iron-smelting industry
Printing
Abacus, gunpowder, textiles, porcelains
Letters of credit and paper money
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Commercial Revolution (cont’d)
• Trade
• Urbanization - Kaifeng, Hangzhou
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Song Government
• Age of autocracy
 Emperors had direct personal control over
more offices than Tang predecessors
 Central government better funded
- Monopolies on salt, wine, tea
- Commerce as vital source of revenues
 Disappearance of the aristocracy
- Officials were commoners
- Mostly products of the examination system
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Examination System
• Half of officials selected by examinations
• Structure of examination process
 Regional to metropolitan to palace levels
• Nature of examinations

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Memorize Confucian classics
Interpret selected passages
Write in literary style
Compose poems on given themes
Propose solutions based on Confucianism
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An Elegant Song Dynasty Wine Pot
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“Chaste Woman” Shi
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Song Culture
• Preconditions for rich Song culture
 Rising economy, more schools, higher
literacy, spread of printing
• More narrowly Chinese than Tang
 Song culture less aristocratic and Buddhist
• Greatest age in pottery and porcelains
• Important historians
 Sima Guang (1019-1086)
- Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government
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Song Philosophy
• Second only to Zhou in philosophy
• Zhu Xi (1130-1200)
 Studied Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism
 Joined Confucianism to certain Buddhist and
native metaphysical elements
 Deepening its social and political ethics
• His Confucianism the standard for
examinations
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Song Philosophy (cont’d)
• Made religion or metaphysics serve
philosophy
 “Great ultimate” and “quiet sitting”
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Song Dynasty Philosopher Zhu Xi
(1130-1200
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Song Poetry and Painting
• Poetry some of China’s best
• Su Dungpo (1037-1101)
 Painter, calligrapher, wrote commentaries
 Social control through morality
• Painting and calligraphy equally
appreciated
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Song Poetry and Painting (cont’d)
• Varied types of painting
• Landscape was crowning achievement
 Small human figures in vast natural universe
 Vision of an inner reality
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Su Dungpo Imagined on a Wet
Day, Wearing a Rain Hat and
Clogs
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An ink on silk handscroll,
Southern Song Dynasty
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China in the Mongol World Empire:
The Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368)
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China in the Mongol World Empire:
The Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368)
•
•
•
•
Rise of the Mongol Empire
Mongol Rule in China
Foreign Contacts and Chinese Culture
Last Years of the Yuan
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The Mongol World Empire
• Mongols a nomadic people north of China
 Yurts, clans, shamans
 Extraordinary horsemen
• Temujin (1167-1227)
 Title: Genghis Khan
 United Mongol tribes
 Reorganized military forces
- Nomadic cavalry and compound bow
- Pledges of personal loyalty
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Mongol Expansion
• Great khans in China




Genghis Khan captured Beijing in 1227
Originally mainly interested in plunder
New dynasty in 1271 - Yuan
Southern China falls in 1279
• Chagatai Khans in Central Asia
• Golden Horde in Russia
• Ilkhans in Persia
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Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368
• Kublai Khan
 Grandson of Genghis Khan
 Moved capital from Karakorum to Beijing
 Founded Yuan dynasty in 1271
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Yuan Dynasty 1271-1368 (cont’d)
• Mixture of cultural elements
 Chinese custom of hereditary succession
 Beijing
- Cambulac - “the city of the khan”
- Chinese segregated in adjoining walled city
 Summer palace at Shangdu (Xanadu)
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Kublai Khan.
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Yuan Governmental Structure
• Civil administration highly centralized
 Move towards absolutism
• Military service a monopoly of Mongols



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Appointment of officials
Highest - Mongols
Second - Persians, Turks, other non-Chinese
Third - northern Chinese
Lowest - southern Chinese
• Mongols took an easier examination
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Map 8-4 The Mongol Empire in the Late
Thirteenth Century
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Foreign Impact and Culture
• Diplomacy and trade brought contact
• Persia and Arab world especially important
 Arab communities in Guangzhou
 Camel caravans carrying silk
• Printing, gunpowder spread to western
Asia
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Foreign Impact and Culture (cont’d)
• Marco Polo
 Served Kublai Khan as official, 1275-1292
 A Description of the World
 Increased European interest in geography
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Marco Polo Describes the City of
Hangzhou
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Marco Polo Describes the City of
Hangzhou
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The Journey of Marco Polo
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Religion and the Mongols
• Mongol toleration of religions
• Nestorian Christianity
 Mother of Kublai Khan was Nestorian
• Papal missions
• Tibetan Buddhism most favored
• Chinese Buddhism also flourished
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Religion and the Mongols (cont’d)
• Islam made greatest gains
 Established in Central Asia and western
China
• Confucianism regarded as religion
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Decline of the Yuan Dynasty
• Rapid decline after Kublai Khan
• Different khanates separated by religion
and culture
 Mongols thought Great Khans too Chinese
 Chinese viewed Yuan as foreign oppressors
• Heavy taxes
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Decline of the Yuan Dynasty
(cont’d)
• Corrupt officials
• White Lotus and other rebellions
• Rise of warlords and eventual collapse
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Review Questions
1. Why could China re-create its empire—
just 400 years after the fall of the Han—
but Rome could not? Are there similarities
between the Qin-Han transition and that
of the Sui-Tang? Between Han and Tang
expansion and contraction?
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Review Questions
2. How did the Chinese economy change
from the Tang to the Northern Song to the
Southern Song? How did the polity
change? How did China’s relationships to
surrounding states change?
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Review Questions
3. What do Chinese poetry and art tell us
about Chinese society? About women?
What position did poets occupy in
Chinese society?
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Review Questions
4. What drove the Mongols to conquer most
of the known world? How could their
military accomplish the task? Once they
conquered China, how did they rule it?
What was the Chinese response to
Mongol rule?
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