Transcript Republican and Imperial Rome

Republican and Imperial Rome
The Ancient Etruscans (800-500
BC)
Royal Rome (753-510 BC)
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The Myth of Romulus
Etruscan Rule (6th century BC)
The Power of Imperium
Senate-Elected King + Elite Senate + Curial
Assembly of Citizens
• Family is Base Unit
• Client-Patron Relationships
• Patrician (Noble) and Plebian (Commoner)
The Roman Republic (510 BC ?)
• Ending is Gradual
• Overthrow of Tarquinius Superbus--510 BC
Roman Republican Government
• Twin Consuls with Military Imperium;
limited Domestic Imperium
– Emergencies: Dictator (6 months)
• Quaestors, Proconsul, Praetors, Censors
• Senate controls foreign and domestic affairs
• Centuriate Assembly divided by wealth
levels
Struggle of the Orders (5th-3rd
Centuries BC)
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Plebians vs. Patricians
10 Tribunes of the Plebians--Power of Veto
367 BC--One Consul seat open to Plebians
287 BC--Plebian assembly now could bind
all Romans with laws without Senate
• Shift from Patrician to Nobiles rule
Conquest of Italy
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493 BC--Latin League
390 BC--Gauls Sack Rome
Latin War (343-338 BC)
Rome Generous to Subjects
Southern Italy (4th-3rd century BC)
King Pyrrhus of Epirus and Pyrric Victory
Carthage
Carthage
• Phoenician Colony, 814 BC
• Dominates West by 5th century BC
• Oligarchic Republic: 2 Suffets, Oligarchic
Council, Popular Assembly
• Mercenaries, not citizen soldiers
The Punic Wars
• First Punic War: 264-241 BC--Fought for
Sicily
• Second Punic War (218-202 BC)
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Hannibal
Invasion of Italy
Cannae: 216 BC, 40,000 defeat 80,000
Publius Cornelius Scipio
Battle of Zama: 202 BC
Conquests of Rome
• The Province System
– Tax-Farming
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Philip V--197 BC
Antiochus III, Magnesia--189 BC
Corinth sacked: 146 BC
Carthago est Delenda!!!!: 146 BC
Greek Influence
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Hellenistic Slaves Bring Greek Culture
Merger of Greek and Roman Pantheon
Cybele and Dionysius/Bacchus
Education--Rise of the ‘Classical
Education’
– Training in Roman Virtues
– Training in Greek Thought (Humanitas)
Imperialism and Social Unrest
• Rise of the Latifundia / Decline of the Small
Farmers Undercuts Military / Social /
Political Order
• Tiberius Gracchus (168-133 BC)
• The Populares vs. Optimates
• Gaius Gracchus (159-121 BC)
Marius vs. Sulla
• Gaius Marius (157-86 BC) and Luius
Cornelius Sulla (137-78 BC) vs. Jugurtha
– Marius opens army to all citizens to volunteer
for long terms
• The Social War (90-88 BC)
• Marius vs. Sulla
• Sulla shows anyone with an army can now
rule
Marcus Licinius Crassus (115-53
BC)
Gnaeus Pompey (106-48 BC)
Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC)
Caesar’s Rise
• Consul and Governor of Gaul (59 BC-50
BC)
– Commentaries of the Gallic War
• Crassus dies at Carrhae vs. Parthians (53
BC)
• The Rubicon and War (49-45 BC)
• Caesar Takes Power...but what will he do
with it?
The Murder of Caesar, Ides of
March, 44 BC
Second Triumvirate
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Octavian (63 BC-14 AD)
Marcus Antonius (83-30 BC)
Lepidus (dies 13 BC)
Actium -- 31 BC
Octavian becomes Princeps Augustus (First
Citizen Augustus)
The Augustan Principate
• Monarch in Republican Clothing -- The
Princeps
• Controls 20 of 26 legions directly
• Reform and Public Works
• Vigiles -- Fire Fighters / Police
• Professional Military of 300,000
• Restoration of Religion and Morality
Rome in 1 AD (Augustus)
Ciceronian Culture / Late
Republic
• Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC)
– Trusted in Law, Custom, and Tradition
– An Aristocracy of Virtue (his dream)
• Idea of Law of Peoples and Law of Nations
• Poetry:
– Lucretius (99-55 BC) -- Scientific Poetry
– Catallus (84-54 BC) -- Personal Life
Augustan Culture: Golden Age
of Literature
• Virgil (70-19 BC) and the Aenid
• Horace (65-8 BC) and his Odes
• Ovid (43 BC-18 AD) and the
Metamorphoses
• Livy (59 BC - 17 AD) and the History of
Rome
• Architecture and Sculpture
Imperial Peace and Prosperity
(14 AD to 180 AD)
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The Relatives of Augustus (14-68 AD)
The Year of 4 Emperors (68 AD)
The Flavian Dynasty (69-96 AD)
The Five Good Emperors (96-180 AD)
Commodus (180-192 AD) and Trouble to
Come
Rome in 100 AD
Imperial Government
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Self-Governing Towns Run by Local Elites
Territorial Peak: Dacia in 106 AD
Hadrian’s Wall
Silver Age of Roman Literature
Massive Building Projects
Second Century AD problems
The Roman Insula
The Roman Domus
Rise of Christianity: Jesus and
Judaism
• Jesus of Nazareth (?-?, though definitely
late 1st century BC to 1st century AD)
• The Four Schools of Judaism
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The Essenes: Preparing for Apocalypse
The Revolutionaries: FREEDOM!!!!!!
The Sadducees: Old School Religion
The Pharisees: Compassion > Sacrifice
Jesus and Paul
• Jesus’ 1-3 year mission
– The End is Coming
– Act Righteously on Earth
– Repent and Be Forgiven
• Paul (Saul) of Tarsis
– Former Persecutor
– The Apostle to the Gentiles
– Faith Will Save
Early Christian Practice
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Baptism
Agape / Love Feast
Prophesy and Interpretation
Independent Congregations / Fealty to
Apostles in Jerusalem and Founders
• By 2nd Century AC, each city had a Bishop
• Bishops met in Councils
The Council of Jamnia
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90 AD
Pharisees respond to fall of Jerusalem
Closing of Jewish Canon
Throwing out of the Apocrypha
Catholicism and Orthodoxy
• Romans Persecuted Christians
• No Definitive Bible or Creed
– Many Alternate Texts
• Rise of Catholic / Orthodox tradition
• Rise of the Bishop of Rome
• The Gnostics
– The Gospel of Thomas
The Crisis of the Third Century
AD
• The Severan Dynasty (193-235 AD)
• Increased Militarization / Army Most Loyal
to Generals, Not State
• Economic Problems
• Militarization of Society
• Civil Disorder: 14 Emperors in 235-268 AD
Imperial Recovery: 4th Century
AD
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Diocletian (284-305 AD) and the Tetrarchy
Constantine (306-337)
Dominus title
Legalization of Christianity
Imperial Decline
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Finance Problems
Huns Push West
Adrianople (378 AD)
Deurbanization in West
Honorius (395-423 AD)
Rome in 400 AD
The Huns
• 410 AD -- Visigoths Sack Rome; Britain
Abandoned
• Atilla the Hun (440s-450s AD)
– Chalons-Sur-Marne 454 AD
• Vandals Sack Rome -- 455 AD
• Romulus Augustus, the Last Emperor--476
AD
Christian Triumph
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313 AD--Edict of Milan
394 AD--Paganism is Outlawed
Arius of Alexander (280-336 AD)
Council of Nicea (325 AD)
Council of Hippo (393 AD) and Saint
Jerome and the Vulgate (400 AD)
Late Imperial Culture
• Preservation of Classical Culture
• Christianity vs. Paganism
• Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo (354-430
AD)
• Confessions (397-8)
• The City of God (410 AD)