Transcript Slide 1

(A.D. 330-1453)
Mr. Giesler
Global 1
The Effects of Geography
Do Now:
Using a current map, identify
the countries that now
occupy what was the
Byzantine Empire
What strategic and economical advantages
did the Byzantine Empire offer?
Located right between the Black Sea and
the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea. As
a result most trade between Asia, Europe
and North Africa had to pass through the
Byzantine Empire.
The Origins
The Early Christian Church and other incidentals
 Christian communities began to formally organize, which included its own
priest
 The Church evolved and imposed order and discipline
 Emperor Constantine ended Christian persecutions
 As the Christian Church grew in strength and influence, Roman power was
fading
 Political and economic chaos in Rome
 The two empires
 Birth of Constantinople
 Arrival of the Germanic people
 West goes East
DBQ Time
Working cooperatively, students will complete the following DBQ activity on
the Edict of Milan.
Please refer to notes packet for further instructions.
As always, please divide the work equally and utilize your split note-taking skills
when completing the reading portion of the DBQ.
The Origins
The Roman Empire was divided in AD 395 into two parts. The Western half,
ruled from Rome, fell to the tribal Germanic peoples in the 5th century.
The Eastern half, known as the Byzantine Empire, lasted for more than 1,000
years. Until the mid-11th century, when it began to decline in power, the
Byzantine Empire was one of the leading civilizations in the world.
In 324 Constantine, the first Christian emperor,
became sole ruler of the Roman Empire. He set
up his Eastern headquarters at the ancient
Greek colony of Byzantium in 330. The city,
renamed Constantinople after its founder, was
also known as the "new Rome.“
Constantinople became the capital of the
Byzantines after the Roman Empire was
formally divided.
The Origins and New Beginnings
In 395 Emperor Theodosius I divided the empire between his two sons, and it
was never reunited.
Theodosius also made Christianity the sole religion of the empire, and
Constantinople assumed preeminence over other Christian centers in the East as
Rome did in the West.
The Reign of Justinian
(A.D. 526)
The height of the first
period of Byzantine
history (324-632) was the
reign of Emperor Justinian
(r. 537-565) and his wife
Empress Theodora (d. 548)
The Imperial Goal: Unity
The imperial goal in the
East was to centralize
government and
impose legal and
doctrinal conformity.
One God
One Empire
One Religion
How to achieve this goal
Method One: Law
 Justinian collated and revised
Roman law. His Corpus Juris
Civilis (body of civil law) had
little effect on medieval common
law.
 However, over time, Justinian's
idea of Roman Law would have a
long -lasting effect; At the time
of the Renaissance, it provided
The foundation for most European
law down to the 19th century.
The law was a
means to unite the
empire
Taxes and trade
flourished
Able to maintain a strong military and
project Byzantine power abroad
Approval of the Church: Christ’s coruler.
“The emperor is equal to all men in the nature of his body, but in the authority of
his rand he is similar to God, who rules all.”
Group Activity
Understanding the Justinian Code
 Working cooperatively, identify and describe laws authored by
Justinian and compare and contrast to our own set of laws.
 Please refer to your notes packet, handout, and active links to the
four books of the Justinian Code.
The Justinian Code
Book 1
Book 2
Book 3
Book 4
How to achieve Unity
Method Two: Religion
 Religion as well as law served
imperial centralization. In 380,
Christianity had been proclaimed
the official religion of the eastern
empire. Now all other religions
were considered “demented and
insane.”
How to achieve Unity
Method Three: Strength in Cities
During Justinian’s reign, the empire’s
strength was its size - more than 1,500
cities.
The largest with 350,000 inhabitants,
was Constantinople, the cultural
crossroads of Asian and European
civilizations.
Hagia Sophia Constantinople (The Church of the Divine Wisdom )
The Decline of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of ???
Do Now & TTYN:
Identify and describe a list of possible reasons why
an empire might fail. Hint!!! Think outside the box. In other words, don’t box
yourself in with the fall of an empire.
The Byzantine Empire, much
like the Roman Empire, faced
a formidable array of
external enemies. However,
it was largely internal decay
which destroyed both
empires.
Political and economic stability would
eventually wreck the empire.
 Peasants vs. Nobles: The great land grab
 Flip-Flop on the Peasants
Lack of taxes forces outsourcing
 Fewer taxes coming in
 Loss of Asia Minor…for a moment anyway
 The First Crusade
 The Fourth Crusade
 The Final Nail: The Ottoman Turks
Religion Splits
Christianity develops differently in Eastern and Western Roman Empires.
Two churches disagree over many issues, including the use of icons.
Icons are two-dimensional religious images used to aid in prayer.
Leading bishop of Eastern Christianity is known as a Patriarch.
In the West, the pope excommunicates the emperor, banishing him from the
church over the iconoclast controversy.
Cause
Eastern Church
Western Church
POLITICAL RIVALRY
Byzantine Empire
Holy Roman Empire
CLAIMS OF PAPACY
Patriarch of Constantinople was
considered second in primacy to the
bishop of Rome.
Bishop of Rome claimed supremacy
over entire church.
THEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Stagnated after Council of Chalcedon.
Continued to change and grow
through controversies and
expansion.
FILIOQUE CONTROVERSEY
Declared that the Holy Spirit proceeds
from the Father.
Declared that the Holy Spirit
proceeds from the Father and the
Son.
ICONOCLASTIC CONTROVERSY
Engaged in 120-year dispute over the use
of icons in worship; finally concluded they
could be used (statues prohibited).
Made constant attempts to interfere
in what was purely an Eastern
dispute (statues permitted).
Cause
Eastern Church
Western Church
DIFFERENCES IN
Greek/Oriental
LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Latin/Occidental
CLERICAL CELIBACY
Lower clergy were permitted to
marry.
All clergy were required to be
celibate.
OUTSIDE PRESSURES
Muslims constricted and put
continual pressure on Eastern
Church.
Western Barbarians were
Christianized and assimilated
by Western church.
MUTUAL
EXCOMMUNICATION OF
1054
Michael Cerularius anathematized
Pope Leo IX after having been
excommunicated by him.
Leo IX excommunicated
Patriarch Michael Cerularius
of Constantinople.
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West—dominant language Latin
East—dominant language Greek
Decline in bilingualism after the fall of the western empire
Linguistic disunity develops into cultural disunity
 Different religious rites and liturgy develop
 Different approaches to Christian doctrine emerge
Papal Supremacy and the
Nicene Creed
 Pope Leo IX claimed he held authority over the four eastern patriarchs.
 The Pope in 1014 inserted the “Filioque clause” (the words “and the son” in
regards to the procession of the Holy Spirit) into the Latin version of the
Nicene Creed. (This was not allowed by the Roman church in the Greek
version). Leo IX asserted the papacy’s right to do so. The Eastern Orthodox
believed this to be a violation of the 7th canon of the Council of Ephesus, and
viewed this clause as a western innovation and heresy.
 The Eastern Orthodox today state that the 28th Canon of the Council of
Chalcedon established the equality of the Bishops of Rome and
Constantinople, therefore, the Roman pontiff could not claim authority over
Constantinople.
Iconoclast Controversy
 The Byzantine Emperor Leo III outlawed the veneration of icons in the 8th
century. Some believe this to be a result of the pressures of Islam. Those
who were against the use of icons in the church were called “iconoclasts.”
The first period of iconoclasm occurred from 730-787 C.E. A second period
of iconoclasm occurred from 814-842 C.E.
 Arguments usually surrounded the understanding of how to depict the two
natures of Jesus Christ in Christian theological teaching. “Iconodules”
(supporters of the use of icons) believed that to disallow depicting Jesus
artistically denied the incarnation.
 The western church rejected iconoclasm. However, icons, which are
generally two dimensional works of art were generally not used. Instead,
statues were allowed in the western church .
 Pope and patriarch excommunicate each other
over religious doctrines and disputes over
jurisdiction.
 Eastern and Western churches officially split
in 1054.
 West—Roman Catholic Church
 East—Orthodox Church
 Byzantine Missionaries Convert the Slavs
 Eastern Orthodox missionaries seek to
convert the northern peoples known as the
Slavs.
 Missionaries create the Cyrillic alphabet—
the basis for many Slavic languages.
 Alphabet enables many groups to read the
Bible.