Transcript GREEKS
Ancient Greece: Development of Democracy Based on Geography, why did Greek government organized into a Polis system and not an empire? Ancient Greece: Development of Democracy • Peninsula +2000 islandsLong distance sea trade, communication • City states (700 BCE): separate governments (Polis), common culture (olympics, alphabet, pottery, arts). • Slaves: mostly captured in war Criteria for Democracy? (Demos=people; Cracy=rule by) • • • • • • • • • • Citizenship Popular participation Common law Juries Branches of government (separation of power)? Class system? Gender equality? Slavery? All participate? Church-state separation? Ancient Greece: Development of Democracy • Different governments among city states: Monarchy (single king), Aristocracy (landowning nobility), Oligarchy (merchantartisan elite) • Limited Democracy in Athens: 3 branches Rule by men with property Common law Assembly of all citizens: all can propose and vote on laws Executive: Council of 500 men, chosen by lot Courts: Juries (varied in size), but no attorneys nor appeals Pericles: 461-429 BCE (rule)—paid officials, direct democracy (not representation) • Gender inequality Parthenon and Lincoln Memorial Theater at Epidarus, 350 BCE Athenian Democracy: Humanism • Individualism: excellence in ability: can improve, create own destiny, ascribe success to self—not gods • Reason: humans can solve problems of universe, explain cause and effect (rather than supernatural forces) • Civic Humanism: citizens have political duty to serve • Human perfection in art: heroic, public • Alexander the Great: spreads Greek ideas (“Hellenization”) Sophocles, imitation of Greek Bronze, 4th century BCE. Discobolus (Roman copy of bronze original), 450 BCE Plato versus Aristotle Plato Aristotle • Guardians=philosophers • Inequalityenvy, hatred, violence • Don’t mix philosophers with cobblers and carpenters • Oligarchy • Most should be middle class • Government works best when no inequality and run by all people Sparta and Oligarchy • Militaristic state: • Peloponesian wars—struggle between Athens and Sparta. Later join under Delian League to defend against Persians (more than 140 cities). Unit IV: Faith and Empire in the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece, Rome and Monotheistic Belief Overview of Classical Greece, 2000—300 BCE • Socrates killed for his ideas Ancient Greece versus Jewish Gods Greek Gods Jewish God • Each had different human qualities • Created humans in likeness of God • Interacted with each other • Embodied understanding of good and evil • Interact with humans Ancient Greece: Birth of Democracy Solon, 594 BCE • No citizen shall own another • 4 social classes; top 3 hold office, all participate in assembly • Any citizen could bring suit against other Cleisthenes, 500 BCE • Organized citizens by district, not wealth • All citizen could submit laws to assembly • Council of 500: members chosen at random • Citizens were male, Athenian property owners—women, slaves, foreigners excluded Golden Age of Athens, including Pericles, 461-429 BCE • Increase number of paid officials • Direct democracy • Leaders chosen by lot • 3 Branches of government Ancient Greece: Birth of Democracy Golden Age of Athens, including Pericles, 461-429 BCE • Increase number of paid officials • Direct democracy • Leaders chosen by lot • 3 Branches of government Humanism: Law made by people, higher than any individual Civic Humanism: Responsibility to participate Tragic-comedic depiction of Herakles slaying Bousiris, 470 BCE Funerary statue, 525 BCE The Poseidon of Artemision. Bronze. God about to hurl trident against adversary (Zeus?). 460-450 BCE. Alexandria, Egypt Ghandara region, India Empire of Alexander the Great and the spread of Hellenism, 4th century BCE Hellenism: the spread of Greek influence by Alexander the Great Language Libraries Art Trade Universities Science (astronomy, mathematics, physics, Literature Alexandria, Egypt Classical Greek statue Alexander the Great reached the Indus River in 326 BCE Buddha from Ghandara region of India Classical Buddhist statue from India