Transcript Review
Review Hint game Patriarchal • • • • Men as hunters Men as traders and warriors Men as head of family Societal Structure River Valleys • • • • Yellow Indus Nile Where we find the earliest agricultural societies Mesopotamia • • • • Sumer Babylonians In present day Iraq “between the rivers” Pastoralism • Fertile crescent goats • Typically nomadic • Horse peoples on the Asian steppe City-state • • • • Sumer Sparta Maya Political structure: independent cities that had their own legal and social structure Bronze Age • • • • • Minoans Hittites Shang Ancient Egypt Age that predated the Iron Age Hammurabi • Ancient King of the Amorites (Babylonian Empire) • Law codes based on class Phoenicians • Carthage • Sea People • Alphabet Nubians • Connected Egypt to interior of Africa • Ruled Egypt in 9th C… the “Black Pharaohs of Egypt” • Lived south of Egypt and had key cities such as Meroe • People of the bow Minoans • • • • Inhabited the Aegean Bronze Age civ Flush toilets Probably ruled over the Mycenaean's from their capitol of Knossos on Crete Diffusion • • • • Spread of ideas Spread of diseases Spread of… well, everything Ex: Bantu language and culture spread from W. Africa to all reaches of subSaharan Africa Iron Age • Assyrians • First to initiate were the Hittites • An age that first started with the Mycenaens • Democratized metallurgy… but an age Alexander the Great • • • • Macedonian Father was Phillip II Educated by Aristotle Conquered Persia, but died and opened the door for the Maurya Empire (Chandragupta Maurya may have met him) • Hellenized Persia • Started the Greek Hellenistic Age Hellenism • Greek colonization of Persia and the Mediterranean • Ex: Rome adopts Greek mythology • Ex: Greek influences in the Middle East • “Like Greece” Classical Empires • Before 600BCE • Empires with strong militaries and centralized governments • All pressured and defeated bypeoples from the Asian Steppe • Han, Rome, Maurya and Gupta Rome • Kingdom, Republic, Empire • Italy • City-state that grows to conquer most of Western Europe and the Mediterranean • Split in two • Defeated by barbarians Punic Wars • Rome vs Phoenicians… • Phoenician Carthage, that is • 2nd one found Romans running from Hannibal and his elephants • Third war Rome devastated Carthage Augustus • • • • Adopted heir of Julius Caesar Octavian First emperor of Rome More stringent laws and focus on family values (Pater-familias) • Ushers in the Pax Romana Pax Romana • Ushered in by Augustus • Roman Peace • Empire had expanded enough to create buffer states that provided security for citizens and merchants Athens • • • • • Greek city-state Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Early democracy Defeated the Persians at Marathon Eventually Persians burn this city to the ground… but then rebuild it. Marathon • • • • Persian vs. Greek Athenian victory Angers Persia Darius, then Xerxes forms a Massive army in an attempt to defeat the Greeks Maurya Empire • Founder may have met Alexander • Power Vacuum left by Alexander may have led to the rise of this empire Celts • First peoples to settle Europe • Settled a land called Gual • Eventually will make their way North to Ireland Dynastic Cycle • Continuation of norms in China • From Shang to Zhou to Qin to Han to Sui to Tang to Song… • Probably the main reason that the fall of Western Europe was so much worse on the region than the fall of the Han in China • Round and round she goes… Zhou • Dynasty constantly at war • Spring and Autumn period (don’t be fooled, kingdoms were warring) • Warring States period (kingdoms banded together to form states and kept on fighting) • Confucius, Laozi, and Legalism, Oh my! Qin • United China (of course it all falls apart a few more times) • Shi Huangdi (self-proclaimed first emperor of China) • Dynasty that followed Zhou Han • Strong centralized government • Bureaucrats placed in high positions • Strong military to defend their northern frontiers • Founded by Liu Bang • Dynasty that followed the Qin • Pressure from Xiongnu (called Huns by some) led to their downfall Vedic Age • Indo-Europeans made their way into northern India and started this period • Time of the Vedas (Rig Veda) • Sanskrit developed from combining Aryan and Dravidian languages • Beginning of Hinduism and birth of the Caste system Caste System • India • Reinforced by Hinduism… especially reincarnation • Rejected by Buddhism • Class system Constantinople • • • • Earlier known as Byzantium City on the Bosporus First Roman Christian City Justinian had the Hagia Sophia (Church of Holy Wisdom) • Taken by the Ottomans and renamed Istanbul • Founded by Constantine Diaspora • Jews forced to leave (Northern Kingdom, Israel, destroyed by Assyrians in 722BCE, Southern Kingdom, Judah, destroyed by Babylonians in 586BCE). • Merchants travel abroad to make their fortunes in the Indian Ocean • Africans brought to the New World and to areas of the Middle East • Means dispersion Gupta • • • • Classical Empire India Theater State Defeated by White Huns The Huns • • • • From the Asian Steppe Pastoral nomads Pushed German tribes into Europe Attila Germanization • During and after the fall of Rome • People groups entering Europe at the end of the Classical Age • Changed the culture and structure of Europe: from Latin to German Olmec • • • • Americas (Mesoamerica) Mother Culture Big Heads Were-jaguars and sacrifices Dao • • • • Belief system in China The Way Harmony between humanity and nature Founded by Laozi Apostle Paul • Roman Citizen • Spread Christianity • Successfully set up churches in cosmopolitan Rome Legalism • Another response to the constant fighting during the Zhou • Ideas embraced by the Qin • Men need strict laws and strict leaders to function well in society Judaism • Belief system with origin in the Middle East • Dualism • Covenant between Hebrew people and God • Abraham is the patriarch Confucianism • • • • • China Response to Warring States Period Social Harmony Created strict social hierarchy Examination system was based on these ideals Hinduism • • • • India Polytheism Aryan origins Based on a mix of Aryan and Dravidian beliefs along with the Vedas • Spread through India, into Sri Lanka and to S.E. Asia Buddhism • Indian Origin • Response to Caste System and reincarnation • Rejected by India • Spread along the silk routes to SE Asia and E. Asia • Rejected by the Tang Dynasty • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama Christianity • Middle Eastern Origin • During the Roman Empire • Paul and others spread this belief system through the Eastern Mediterranean • Branches: Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox and later Protestantism