Transcript Ch 8, Sec 3: The Fall of the Republic

Ch 8, Sec 3: The Fall of the
Republic
Problems in Rome
• Gov’t officials stole money
• Problems between rich
and poor were never
solved
• Farms were destroyed
• Food was scarce in some
areas
• Cities were overcrowded
and dangerous
Farmers were ruined
• Farms were ignored while men were at war
• Farms destroyed by the army of Carthage
• Rich farmers were becoming poor
Latifundias
Lat-e-fun-dia
• Large farms in Rome
• Poor farmers were competing against rich
Romans who bought up the land
• Used war prisoners as slaves-worked cheaper
than Roman citizens
• Further increased the divide between rich and
poor
Poor Farmers and City life
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Sold land and moved to cities
Could not find work easily
Slaves took most city jobs from the plebeians
Took jobs for little pay
Caused the rich and poor to fight
Tiberius and Gaius
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Brothers and gov’t officials
Saw the problems in the cities
Wanted to give land back to the poor farmers
Seen as threats – they were killed for their
ideas by the rich senators
– Proved the rich could break the law and get away
with it
Marius takes office
• Roman military leader became a
Consul
• Hired poor farmers/soldiers and
paid them with money and land
• Changed the army from
volunteers for Rome to loyalty to
Marius
• Needed to gain political power to
pay off land promises
Sulla takes office
• Army generals started fighting
each other for power
• Sulla took over
• Took away the power of the
Council of Plebs
• Gave power to the
Patricians/Senate
• Caused 50 years of Civil War
First Triumvirate Takes Power
tri-um-ver-ate
• Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey shared
power of Rome
• Military leaders turned political allies
• Each man took control of a different area of
Rome:
– Crassus-Syria
– Pompey-Spain
– Caesar-Gaul (France)
Rise of Caesar as Top Ruler of
Rome
• Caesar became powerful and was
loved by the poor
• Caesar took over Britain
• Senators feared Caesar and told him to return
home and made Pompey top ruler of Rome
• Caesar ignored their order and brought his
army into Rome to take over as top ruler
Caesar Takes Over
• Declared himself dictator for life (not 6
months)
• Got rid of senators who tried to ruin him
• Hired loyal people to become senators
• Gave out citizenship to anyone in Rome’s
territory
• Created jobs and gave out land for the poor
• Created a new calendar that we use today
Some People Feared
Caesar
• Thought Caesar wanted to
become a king
• Some senators plotted to
kill him including Brutus
and Cassius
• March 15, 44 B.C.-Caesar was stabbed at the
Senate building
• Led to a civil war between the senators who killed
Caesar and Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus
Second Triumvirate
• Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus won the civil
war and created the second triumvirate
• Could not agree on how to rule
• Lepidus forced out of office
• Octavian ruled the west
• Antony ruled the east
Antony and Cleopatra
• Created an alliance with
each other
• Fell in love
• Antony wanted to become
the only ruler of Rome
• Octavian declared war on
Antony
Battle of Actium
• 31 B.C.- off the west coast of Greece
• Octavian’s army/navy destroyed Antony’s
military
• Antony/Cleopatra forced to hide in Egypt
• Results: Antony/Cleopatra killed themselves
and Octavian created the Roman Empire as it’s
only ruler
Octavian becomes Augustus
• Octavian set up a republic
form of gov’t
• Believed the republic form of
gov’t had problems that could not be solved
• Gave some power back to the Senate
• Octavian took the position of imperator or
“emperor”
• He changed his name to Augustus-means “the
revered or majestic one”
In-Class Activity
• Hand out worksheet
• Read the Notes and answer the 10 questions
that follow.
• Independent activity
Meeting People
• Julius Caesar – part of the First Triumvirate of Rome;
became a hero to Rome’s lower classes; declared
himself dictator of Rome in 44 B.C.; stabbed to
death by his enemies on March 15.
• Octavian – Caesar’s grandnephew who inherited
Caesar’s wealth; part of the Second Triumvirate in
43 B.C.
Meeting People
• Antony – one of Caesar’s top generals and part of the
Second Triumvirate with Octavian and Lepidus; ruled
over the eastern part of the Roman Empire and fell in
love with Cleopatra VII, an Egyptian queen and planned
to make himself sole ruler of the republic.
• Cicero – a political leader, writer, and Rome’s greatest
public speaker; argued against dictators and called for a
representative government.
• Augustus – “the revered or majestic one”; title that
Octavian took and was known from that point as
Augustus.
Building Vocabulary
• Latifundia – wealthy Romans bought up small
farms to create these large farming estates
• Triumvirate – a political alliance of three
people.
Locating Places
• Rubicon – a small river at the southern
boundary of Caesar’s command area (Gaul,
which is modern day France); this is where he
marched into Italy and forced Pompey’s forces
from Italy.
• Actium – off the west coast of Greece; where
Octavian crushed the army and navy of
Antony and Cleopatra in 31 B.C.
Read to Discover
• Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus – prominent officials
who worked for reforms; thought most of Rome’s
problems were caused by the loss of small farms
and wanted the Senate to take back public land
from the rich and divide it among landless
Romans.
• Marius – a military leader who became consul in
107 B.C.; recruited soldiers and paid them wages
in return for their service and promised them
land.
Read to Discover
• Sulla – a military leader who drove Marius and his
other enemies out of Rome and made himself
dictator. He weakened the Council of Plebs and
strengthened the Senate and then stepped down
from office.
• Crassus – military leader and one of the richest men
in Rome; part of the First Triumvirate of Rome, along
with Julius Caesar and Pompey; killed in battle in 53
B.C.
Read to Discover
• Pompey – military leader who ruled Spain as part of
the Second Triumvirate; Caesar forced him out of
Italy and destroyed Pompey’s army in Greece in 48
B.C.
• Brutus – Senator who led a group who plotted to kill
Caesar because they were afraid he wanted to be
king.
• Cassius - Senator who led a group who plotted to kill
Caesar because they were afraid he wanted to be
king.