Transcript What is Disability?

THE BASIC CONCEPT OF DISABILITY
Dr. Rehab F. Gwada
Lecture 1
Aims of Lecture
1- Define the concepts of disability.
2- Know the different between impairment,
disability and handicap.
3- Appraise the models of disability .
4- Describe the types of disability.
5- Know the steps of the management as
general.
Do you know a disabled
person?
What is his or her
disability?
What does he or she do for a living?
What is Disability?
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Disability groups and other organizations may have
their own definitions of disability. The concept of
disability is complex.
Lets take a look at some definitions of the word
"Disability" as defined by various organizations
around the world.
What is Disability?
The Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) defines a
disabled person as someone who has a physical
or mental impairment that has a substantial and
long-term adverse effect on his or her ability to
carry out normal day-to-day activities.
The adverse effect is substantial and long-term
(meaning it has lasted for 12 months, or is likely to
last for more than 12 months or for the rest of the
person's life).
What is Disability?
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In defining ‘normal day-to-day activities’ the DDA states
that at least one of the following areas must be badly
affected:
Mobility
Manual dexterity
Physical coordination
Continence
Ability to lift, carry or move everyday objects
Speech, hearing or eyesight
Memory or ability to concentrate, learn or understand
Understanding of the risk of physical danger.
What is Disability?
Definitions of International Classification of
Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH)
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World Health Organization in 1980, draws a three-fold
distinction between impairment, disability and handicap,
defined as follows:
Impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological,
physiological or anatomical structure or function.
Disability is any restriction or lack (resulting from an
impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or
within the range considered normal for a human being.
Handicap is a disadvantage for a given individual, resulting
from an impairment or a disability, that prevents the fulfillment
of a role that is considered normal (depending on age, sex and
social and cultural factors) for that individual.
handicapped
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Handicap is therefore a function of the
relationship between disabled persons and their
environment.
It occurs when they encounter cultural, physical or
social barriers which prevent their access to the
various systems of society that are available to
other citizens.
'handicap'-focuses on the person as a social being
and reflects the interaction with and adaptation to
the person's surroundings.
Task( true or false )
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All disabled people are impaired
All handicapped people are disabled
A person can be impaired and necessarily be
disabled.
A person can be disabled without Being
handicapped.
International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health (ICF)
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the WHO released a major revision of the ICIDH in 2001,
called (ICF)
Provide the rehabilitation disciplines with a universal language
with which to discuss disability and related phenomena.
the ICF shows human function and decreases in functioning as
the product of a dynamic interaction between various health
conditions and contextual factors.
International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health (ICF)
The ICF identifies 3 levels of
human function
These levels, in turn, contain 3
domains of human function:
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at the level of body parts.
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the whole person.
The whole person in their
complete environment.
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body functions and
structures.
Activities.
Participation.
The term disability is used to denote a decrement at each
level (ie, impairment, an activity limitation, and a
participation restriction).
The International Classification of
Function, Disability and Health (ICF)
The International Classification of
Function, Disability and Health (ICF)
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Health Conditions—diseases, disorders, and injuries.
Body Function—physiological or psychological functions
of body systems
Body Structures—anatomical parts of the body
Impairments—problems in body functions or structure
Activity—the execution of a task or action by an
individual
Activity Limitation—difficulties an individual may have in
executing activities
Participation—involvement in a life situation
Participation Restriction—problems an individual may
experience in involvement in life situations
Models of Disability
I-THE MORAL MODEL
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Is historically the oldest and is less
prevalent today.
Regards disability as sin and
shame, and often associated with
feelings of guilt
Families have hidden away the
disabled family member, keeping
them out of school and excluded
from any chance at having a
meaningful role in society.
II-THE MEDICAL MODEL
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Came about as "modern" medicine
began to develop in the 19th Century,
along with the enhanced role of the
physician in society.
Regards disability as a defect or
sickness which must be cured through
medical intervention
The individual with a disability come
under the authority of the medical
profession in order to get better. Thus,
until recently, most disability policy
issues have been regarded as health
issues.
Models of Disability
III-The Rehabilitation Model
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Is similar to the medical model; it regards the person with
a disability as in need of services from a rehabilitation
professional who can provide training, therapy, counseling
or other services to make up for the deficiency caused by
the disability.
Historically, it gained acceptance after World War II
when many disabled veterans needed to be reintroduced into society.
Models of Disability
IV- The disability model
 Which regards disability as a normal aspect of life,
not as a deviance and rejects the notion that persons
with disabilities are in some inherent way "defective".
 As Professor David Pfeiffer has put it, "paralyzed limbs
may not particularly limit a person's mobility as much as
attitudinal barriers”.
 Given this reality, if disability were more commonly
recognized and expected in the way that we design our
environments or our systems, it would not seem so
abnormal.
Dimensions of disability: People with
disabilities are not a homogeneous group
Type of disability  Onset
 Causes
 Physical
Birth
 Birth Defect
 Sensory
Childhood
 Accident
 Intellectual
Adulthood
 Illness
 Psychiatric
 Other
 Severity
 Visibility
 Severe
Observable
 Moderate
Invisible
 Mild
Gender makes a huge difference
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Select the best answer
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A 36-year-old paraplegic patient who is unable to
prepare his own meal or care for his own toileting or
hygiene needs, according to ICIDH is
A)Disable and handicapped
B)Impaired only
C) Disable but not handicapped
Select the best answer
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a 12-year-old paraplegic patient who can walk
only with the assistance of crutches but who attends
a regular school and is fully independent in
activities of daily living , according to ICIDH is
A)Disable and handicapped
B)Impaired only
C)Handicapped
D) Disable but not handicapped
Select the best answer
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Two individuals may sustain back injuries. The first,
who worked as a clerk, was unable to walk, sit,
stand, drive and care for her home. The second
individual who worked in construction sustained a
back injury but was not limited in any major life
activity , according to ICIDH.
The first is considered to be an individual with:
Impairment - Disability
The second is considered to be an individual with
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 Impairment
- Disability
Types of Disability
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Physical
Sensory
Intellectual/cognitive
Mental/Psychiatric
Developmental
1-Physical disabilities
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Persons with physical disabilities may experience
functional, orthopedic, fine or gross motor impairments,
which may impact upon their ability to walk, play and
learn.
Physical disabilities are also often defined and
categorized by some degree of limitation in the use of
upper or lower extremities and maintaining posture and
positioning.
So physical disabilities refer to a broad range include
orthopedic
,neurological,
cardiovascular
and
pulmonary disorders.
Physical disabilities(Causes)
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Prenatal causes:
Those disabilities that are acquired before birth. These may be
due to diseases that have harmed the mother during
pregnancy, or genetic incompatibilities between the parents.
Perinatal causes: Those disabilities that are acquired during
birth. This could be due to prolonged lack of oxygen or the
obstruction of the respiratory track, damage to the brain
during birth (due to the accidental misuse of forceps, for
example) or the baby being born prematurely.
Postnatal causes: Those disabilities gained after birth. They can
be due to accidents, infection or other illnesses
2-Sensory Disability
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It is impairment of one of the senses. The term is
used primarily to refer to vision and hearing
impairment, but other senses can be impaired.
a-Visual impairment
b-Hearing impairment
c-Olfactory and gustatory impairment
d-Somatosensory impairment
e-Balance disorder
a)Visual Impairment
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A visual impairment affects a person’s ability to see,
and includes:
(1) inability to see images clearly and distinctly
(2)loss of visual field
(3) inability to detect small changes in brightness
(4) color blindness
(5)sensitivity to light.
A cane may be used to assist with mobility, and/or
Braille may be used to read.
b)Hearing Impairment
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Hearing impairments range from a mild hearing loss
to total deafness.
People who are deaf may use American Sign
Language or lip-read, and may speak for
themselves or use a sign-language interpreter.
c-Olfactory and gustatory impairment
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Impairment of the sense of smell and taste are
commonly associated with aging but can also occur
in younger people due to a wide variety of causes.
Complete loss of the sense of taste is known as
ageusia, while dysgeusiais persistent abnormal
sense of taste.
d-Somatosensory Impairment
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Insensitivity to stimuli such as Touch , heat, cold ,
and pain are often an adjunct to a more
general physical impairment involving neural
pathways and is very commonly associated with
paralysis (in which the motor neural circuits are
also affected).
e-Balance disorder
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It is a disturbance that causes an individual to feel
unsteady.
Balance is the result of several body systems
working together. The eyes (visual system), ears
(vestibular system) and the body's sense of where it
is in space (proprioception) need to be intact. The
brain, which compiles this information, needs to be
functioning effectively.
3-Cognitive /Intellectual Impairment
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A cognitive impairment affects a person’s ability to
reason, understand, and learn.
Cognitive disabilities are separated into two categories:
learning disabilities and mental retardation.
A learning disability is defined as " a heterogeneous
group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties
in the use of listening, speaking, reading, writing,
reasoning or mathematical abilities.
These disorders are presumed to be due to central
nervous system dysfunction.
Mental/Psychiatric Disability
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A mental disorder or mental illness is a
psychological or behavioral pattern generally
associated with subjective distress or disability that
occurs in an individual, and which are not a part of
normal development or culture.
5-Developmental Disability
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the term developmental disability commonly refers to a severe and chronic
disability that is often attributable to a mental or physical impairment that
occurs prior to age 18.There are five most common
types of
developmental disability
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Mental Retardation,
Cerebral Palsy,
Epilepsy,
Autism,
Neurological Impairments
A developmental disability can result in functional limitations in:
 self-care.
 learning; language and communication.
 mobility and movement.
 socialization; independence.
Invisible Disability
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They are disabilities that are not immediately apparent.
Some people with visual or auditory disabilities, who do not wear
glasses or hearing aids, or discreet hearing aids, may not be
obviously disabled.
Some people with chronic illnesses and conditions such as renal
failure, diabetes, asthma, epilepsy and sleep disorders ,if those
ailments significantly impair normal activities of daily living.
Other invisible disabilities include, AIDS, cancer, and autism.
Management
1-Different Therapy
After evaluation and diagnosis, the case is directed to the
suitable therapeutic program.
The treatment my include:
•Medications.
•Physical therapy.
•Occupational therapy.
•Speech therapy.
•Others
Management
2-Assistive technology or adaptive technology(AT)
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It is an umbrella term that includes assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative
devices for people with disabilities to enhance their abilities and are better
able to live independently and participate in their communities.
Assistive devices and technologies such as:
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Wheelchairs.
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Prostheses.
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mobility aides.
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hearing and visual aids.
specialized computer software and hardware.
Management
3 -Adapted sports
 Organized sport for athletes with a disability is
generally divided into three broad disability groups:
The deaf.
 People with physical disabilities.
 People with intellectual disabilities.
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Each group has a distinct history, organization,
competition program, and approach to sport.
Example: Wheel chair Basketball is a form of
basketball usually played by the physically impaired.
Participants play on specially designed wheelchairs,
built specifically for the sport.
Changing concepts of disability
Human rights issue
Economics
of disability
The New Disability
Business Case