Transcript ENDOCRINE SYSTEMx

Elizabeth Carreon
Mariana Castillo
Zaira Cardona
Endocrine
System
Diseases
Endocrine System
The endocrine system is composed of a
network
of
organs
and
glands
responsible for producing, storing, and
secreting hormones that help to
maintain and control vital functions such
as growth, reproduction, and energy
levels. There are several endocrine
system
diseases that result from
disruptions in this complex system:
DIABETES
One of the more prevalent
endocrine
system
diseases,
diabetes is a condition in which
the pancreas does not produce
enough of the hormone insulin
or the body does not effectively
use the insulin it does produce.
Because insulin is instrumental in
helping the body convert sugars
and starches into necessary
energy, there can be serious
consequences if diabetes is left
undiagnosed and/or untreated.
Symptoms
Common symptoms of both type 1 and type 2
diabetes include:
-Fatigue, constantly tired
-Unexplained weight loss
-Excessive thirst (polydipsia)
-Excessive urination (polyuria)
-Excessive eating (polyphagia)
-Poor wound healing
-Infections
-Altered mental status
-Blurry vision
Growth Disorders
Given that the endocrine
system
regulates
growth
processes, endocrine system
diseases often result in growth
disorders. If the body produces
too much growth hormone
(GH), gigantism or acromegaly
(gigantism in adults) can occur;
too little growth hormone results
a condition called growth
hormone deficiency, or GHD,
which can cause children to
grow more slowly than normal.
COMMON GROWTH DISORDER
A more common growth disorder is growth
hormone deficiency (GHD). This is the condition of
having too little GH. There are several possible
explanations for its occurrence:
A child can be born with GHD.
The condition also may arise because of damage
to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland as a child or
adult because of a tumor, an infection, or radiation
to the brain — usually for the treatment of a tumor.
A deficiency in GH may also have an undefined
cause. (In this case, it is said to be of idiopathic
origin.)
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis, which occurs in both women and
men (although the former are four times more likely
to develop the disease), is a condition in which
bones become fragile and more likely to break. This
can be the result of many factors including a
decrease in the hormone estrogen occurring during
menopause in women, or a decrease in
testosterone occurring in men as they age. Because
osteoporosis often has no obvious symptoms, it is
often left undiagnosed until the person affected
suffers a broken or fractured bone during a minor
fall.
What role do hormones play in bone
disease?
Too much or too little of certain hormones in the body can contribute
to osteopenia and osteoporosis.
During and after menopause, the ovaries make much less of the
hormone estrogen. Estrogen loss may also occur with surgical
removal of the ovaries or because of excessive dieting and exercise.
Estrogen helps protect bone.
Men produce less testosterone (and estrogen—produced in small
amounts in males) as they age. Reductions in these hormones may
also contribute to bone loss.
Bone loss can result from the damaging effects of excess cortisol, as
occurs in Cushing’s syndrome. Sometimes the adrenal glands
produce excess cortisol because of a pituitary gland or other tumor.
More commonly, Cushing's syndrome develops as a result of longterm use of corticosteroid medications (steroids) such as prednisone
and cortisone, used to treat inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid
arthritis or asthma.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Also referred to as PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome is one of
the more common endocrine system diseases, affecting
between 7% to 10% of women aged 15 to 45. PCOS is a
condition associated with symptoms of infrequent or irregular
menstruation, male hormone excess symptoms like hirsutism
(increased and unwanted hair growth) and acne and
difficulty to conceive. Patients with PCOS can also have
multiple egg-containing cysts on the ovaries. They are higher
risk for metabolic complications like diabetes and
hypertension.
Symptoms
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome affects several body systems,
putting women at increased risk for problems such as
diabetes, heart disease, and certain kinds of cancer. The first
signs of the disorder often present themselves at puberty
with irregular or absent menstrual cycles. Other obvious signs
include acne, abnormal facial and bodily hair growth, and
thinning of hair on the scalp. While thin women can have
polycystic ovary syndrome, weight gain is more likely. Some
women with PCOS also suffer from depression, most likely
because of their symptoms. Because women with Polycystic
Ovary Syndrome ovulate (release an egg monthly)
infrequently, they often have difficulty getting pregnant
when desired and are often diagnosed when they cannot
conceive
Thyroid Disorders
Thyroid
hormones,
hormones produced by
the thyroid gland, influence
nearly all of the body's
symptoms.
Thyroid
problems
include
hyperthyroidism (too much
thyroid
hormone),
hypothyroidism (too little
thyroid hormone), thyroid
nodules, thyroid cancer,
and more.
Cushing´s Syndrome
Cushing's syndrome, less common than the
endocrine system diseases , occurs as the
result of too much cortisol in the blood for
an extended period of time. Cortisol is a
hormone that, in normal amounts, helps the
body perform a number of important
functions including converting fat into
energy, maintaining immune system
function, and responding to stress.
TYPES:
-exogenous (from an outside source)
-endogenous (from a source within the body), share a common
list of symptoms but different causes.
The Exogenous occurs in patients taking cortisol-like medications,
and is temporary, ceasing when the patient has finished the
course of medication.
The Endogenous form of this endocrine system disease is far rarer,
and results from a tumor or tumors either on the adrenal glands or
the pituitary gland.
SYMPTOMS:
•
•
•
•
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Weight gain
Muscle loss and weakness
Easily-bruised, fragile skin
Reduced sex drive
Depression/inability to think clearly
Addison´s Disease
Addison's disease, also among the
rare endocrine system diseases,
occurs in fewer than 150 people in
a million. Also referred to as primary
adrenal insufficiency, Addison's
disease occurs when the adrenal
glands, which are located at the
top of each kidney, produce an
insufficient amount of steroid
hormones despite the presence of
an adequate amount of ACTH, the
hormone that triggers the adrenal
glands to release steroids.
SYMPTOMS:
• Fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite
• Muscle and joint pain
• Gastrointestinal problems (nausea,
vomiting, etc.)
• Darkening of the skin on the face, neck,
and back of hands
• Low blood pressure
• A craving for salt
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION