Transcript Hormone Disrupting Chemicals in Our Lives

ENDOKRINOLOGI
PKH 4207 /2 SKS
DISKRIPSI MATA KULIAH
Mata kuliah Endokrinologi akan membahas tentang
konsep dasar sistem endokrin, jenis, fungsi, peran dan
mekanisme hormon, substansi like hormon, ketidak
seimbangan hormonal dalam sintesa protein, sistem
pertumbuhan, urigenital, digesti, kardiovaskuler, respirasi,
syaraf dan kekebalan.
Sehingga pada akhir pembelajaran mahasiswa dapat
memahami, mensintesakan dan menyajikan di depan kelas
tentang mekanisme dan peran hormon pada performance
hewan
Learning Objective
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Memahami tujuan, manfaat, keterkaitan dg mk
yang lain dalam mencapai kompetensi lulusan
Semaster ini MK yang berkaitan :
BiokimiaVeteriner 2 , Fisiologi Veteriner
The systemic problem
“Many compounds introduced into the
environment by human activity are capable
of disrupting the endocrine system of
animals, including fish, wildlife, and humans.
The consequences of such disruption
can be profound. . .”
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Arnold A Berthold
(1803-1861)
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In one of the first endocrine
experiments
ever
recorded,
Professor Arnold A. Berthold of
Gottingen did a series of tests on
roosters in 1849 while he was
curator of the local zoo.
Claude Bernard
(1813-1878)
Claude Bernard stated that the
endocrine system regulates the internal
milieu of an animal. The “internal
secretions” were liberated by one part
of the body, traveled via the
bloodstream to distant targets cells.
Circa 1854
Bernard's charge was to demonstrate
that medicine, in order to progress,
must be founded on experimental
physiology.
Charles Edouard Brown-Séquard
(1817-1894)
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Brown-Sequard further piqued mainstream
scientific interest in the chemical contents of the
testes with his famous auto-experimentation. On
June 1, 1889, before the Sociète de Biologic in
Paris, Brown-Sequard reported that he had
increased his physical strength, mental abilities and
appetite by self-injection with an extract derived
from the testicles of dogs and guinea pigs
Although never substantiated, this claim prompted
researchers around the world to pursue the new field
of organotherapy
Ernest Henry Starling
(1866-1927)
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Besides "his" law of the heart, Starling discovered
the functional significance of serum proteins.
In 1902 along with Bayliss he demonstrated that
secretin stimulates pancreatic secretion.
In 1924 along with E. B. Vernay he demonstrated
the reabsorption of water by the tubules of the
kidney.
He was the first to use the term hormone
Animal evidence surrounds us
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Like many other mammals from the Lower
Columbia River are infertile because the males’
penises are too small to mate
Alligators affected by pesticides cannot reproduce
Male fish develop female hormones
In birds, eggshells thin so chicks cannot survive
Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus
Pineal
Adrenal
Ovary
Uterus
Pituitary
Testes
(in bull)
Thyroid
Pancreas
The body has three marvelous
communication systems
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The nervous system
The immune system
The endocrine system, a network of glands which
release hormones
Hormones are chemical signals
which regulate almost every biological process:
 Growth and development
 Mental development, mood, memory
 Sexual maturation
 Immune function
Hormones are released by the
glands
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And travel through the
blood until they reach
their particular receptor
cell
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Where they fit, like a
key in a lock, to turn on
or off functions
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
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Are natural or man-made compounds
Which fit into hormone receptors
Blocking the normal hormone, or
Acting instead of the normal
hormone, in an irregular manner
Endocrine system maintains
homeostasis
The concept that hormones acting on distant target cells
to maintain the stability of the internal milieu was a
major advance in physiological understanding.
The secretion of the hormone was evoked by a change in
the milieu and the resulting action on the target cell
restored
the
milieu
to
normal.
The desired return to the status quo results in the
maintenance of homeostasis
Early development is crucial
A particular signal
blocked during early
pregnancy can affect
both children and
adults
For example, children of
mothers who ate low doses
of PCBs in fish from Lake
Michigan show effects 11
years later
Hormone Systems We Know
Can Be Affected
Endocrine system
Functions
Glucocorticoids
Glucose, carbohydrate, lipid,
protein metabolism
Estrogen
Sexual development
Progesterone
Menstruation cycle, synthesis
of testosterone
Thyroid
Brain development, behaviour
Retinoids
Cell differentiation, Growth
of limbs