Transcript What is malaria? - Environmental Public Health Today

FACTS ABOUT
MALARIA
Cynthia Dike, MPH student
Walden University
PUBH 6165-2
Instructor: Patrick Tschida
rd
3 Quarter, 2011
 This presentation on malaria is
created to increase the knowledge
of visitors and foreign workers
traveling to the Tropics and
Subtropics region.
What is malaria?
Epidemiology of the disease globally
Basic pathogenesis of the disease.
Vulnerable population.
The economic impact
Diagnosing and advise on seeking medical
attention.
Prevention of the Disease.
1. What is malaria?
Malaria is a vector borne disease.
2. Where is malaria found?
Malaria is one of the most serious diseases to affect
people in developing countries with tropical and
subtropical climates. Malaria is prevalent in Africa,
Central and South America.
3. The burden of malaria.
Globally, 300–500 million episodes of malaria illness
occur each year, resulting in over one million deaths.
Socio-economic conditions and anti-malaria
interventions have gradually reduced the areas of the
world where malaria is endemic.
4. Types of malaria and the most fatal parasite.
Species of malaria parasites are P. falciparum, P. vivax, P.
malariae and P. ovale, P. falciparum is more likely to
cause a severe and fatal disease
5. The life cycle of malaria.
Human malaria (Plasmodium parasite) is transmitted from an
infected person to another person by Anopheles mosquitoes.
6. The symptoms and signs of malaria.
The most important symptom of malaria is fever (or a history of
fever within the last two to three days) after visiting a malaria
infested area. An attack often begins with shivering (body
shaking). This is followed by a period of fever, and finally there is
profuse sweating. During an attack the patient often complains of
headache and pains in the back, joints, and all over the body.
Malaria can lie dormant for months after infection.
7. The incubation period of malaria.
Symptoms of malaria usually start to appear 7 to 21 days
after the bite of an infected mosquito.
8. The danger signs of severe malaria.
Confusion, seizures, weakness (unable to stand or sit),
jaundice, dehydrated and anemia and kidney failure are
some danger signs.
9. How malaria is diagnosed?
Microscopic diagnosis involves taking a small amount of
blood from the patient, staining it and looking at it under a
microscope to check for malaria parasites.
10. The treatment of malaria and list the different antimalaria drugs.
Drugs used in treatment are chloroquine, atovaquoneproguanil, artemether-lumefantrine, mefloquine, quinine,
quinidine, doxycycline, primaquine and clindamycin. Some
drugs may be resistant to the parasite.
11. The prevention of malaria.
Sleep in rooms with screened windows and doors. Use a
mosquito net around the bed, impregnated with an
insecticide such as pyrethrum or permethrin. Wear
long-sleeved clothing and socks to protect against
mosquitos’ bite. Mosquito repellent creams containing
diethyl toluamide (DEET) and prophylaxis medications
are also recommended.
 An infectious disease caused by a parasite.
 Transmission is by the bite of an female
anophele mosquito(WHO).
Reference:
World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/topics/malaria/en/
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Reference:
Davis C,. Malaria. Medicinenet.com
http://www.medicinenet.com/malaria/article.h
tm
 Predominantly in tropics and subtropics region.
 Regions:- Asia, Africa, Central and South America
 Malaria endemic in 109 countries worldwide
References:
1. World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/index.html
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html

In 2006 - 3.3 billion people at risk worldwide (WHO).
 Approximately 247 million cases diagnosed (WHO).

In 2008 – 863,000 malaria deaths

In the U.S. approximately 1500 cases diagnosed annually (CDC).
Reference:
1. World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/index.html
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html
In the United States: Travelers
 Immigrants
In endemic countries
 Children
 Pregnant women
Reference:
World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/index.html
 Individuals who have a trait of sickle cell
disease.
 Parasite cannot live in abnormal red cells.
 Protected from lethal complications of
malaria
Reference:
Aidoo M., Terlouw D. J., Kolczak M.S., McElroyP.D., ter Kuile F. O., Kariuki S., Nahlen B. L., LalA. A.,
Udhayakumar V. Protective effects of the sickle cell gene against malaria morbidityand mortality .(2002)
Lancet, 359: 1311–12
http://www.biomed.emory.edu/PROGRAM_SITES/PBEE/pdf/Udhayakumar6.pdf
Anophele mosquito gets
infected by infected human
blood.
2. Mosquito transmit parasite to
uninfected human through
biting.
3.
Parasite mature in human liver.
1.
4. Parasite leaves the liver and
5. Invade red blood cells to multiple. In
this process red cell are damaged and
symptoms of disease are produced.
Reference:
Malaria and the red cell
http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/malaria_sickle.html
 Symptoms:
 Fever, rigors, sweating, malaise, headaches, vomiting, jaundice.
 History of recent visit to a malaria endemic location.
 Laboratory work – blood drawn to observe the parasite microscopically.
Reference:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html
 P. falciparum is the most dangerous species.
 In pregnancy causes maternal death , abortions,
still birth and low birth weight babies.
Reference:
World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/index.html
 In Africa malaria accounts for
 20% of childhood deaths.
200,000 children die annually.
maternal death rate is 10–50%.
 abortion rate - 60%.
Reference:
World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/index.html
 P. falciparum causes cerebral malaria, blackwater
fever, acute renal failure, pulmonary edema,
hypotensive shock and death.
 P. vivax malaria can result in relapses after
treatment.
Reference:
World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/index.html
 Significant economic losses
 Decrease gross domestic product (GDP)
 The health costs is a heavy-burden countries
Reference:
World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/index.html
. Sachs J. and Malaney P. (2002). The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature, 415, 680685.
http://www.rbm.who.int/cmc_upload/0/000/015/330/415680a_r.pdf
 Treatment depends on the type of parasite, drug susceptibility and patient
clinical characteristics.
 A rapid diagnosis is very important.
 Contact a health care provider if develop fever after visiting a country in
the tropics.
Reference:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html
 Avoid skin exposure- wear long sleeves and trousers, hats and boots
 Use insect repellants on exposed areas.
 Sleep under Mosquito nets and coils.
 Screen houses with mesh
Reference:
World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/topics/malaria/en/
 Spray houses and surrounding area with insecticides.
 The use of DDT insecticide is controversial.
 Chemoprophylaxis- prescribed by relevant authorities.
Reference:
1. World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/topics/malaria/en/
2. United States Environmental Protection Agency
http://www.epa.gov/pbt/pubs/ddt.htm
 Avoid the outdoor in the evening and nights.
 Remove pools of stagnated or standing water.
Reference:
World Health Organization
http://www.who.int/topics/malaria/en/
Malaria is causes by a parasite,
transmitted by the anophele
mosquito is the vector.
Endemic areas are tropics and
subtropics. Protective measures is
necessary when visiting these
region.
 If complain of fever, headaches or
feeling unwell during and after
travel visit a doctor immediately to
rule out malaria.
 The key to a good outcome of
treatment is early diagnosis.
1. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention.
2. World Health Organization.
3. United States Environmental Protection Agency.
3. Malaria and the red cell
http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/malaria_sickle.html
5. Davis C,. Malaria. Medicinenet.com
http://www.medicinenet.com/malaria/article.htm
6. Aidoo M., Terlouw D. J., Kolczak M.S., McElroyP.D., ter Kuile F. O., Kariuki S., Nahlen B.
L., LalA. A., Udhayakumar V. Protective effects of the sickle cell gene against malaria
morbidityand mortality .(2002) Lancet, 359: 1311–12
http://www.biomed.emory.edu/PROGRAM_SITES/PBEE/pdf/Udhayakumar6.pdf
7. Sachs J. and Malaney P. (2002). The economic and social burden of malaria. Nature, 415,
680-685.
http://www.rbm.who.int/cmc_upload/0/000/015/330/415680a_r.pdf
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dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and methoxychlor in ovarian cells in vitro.
Reproductive toxicology, 15; 680-685. DOI: 10.1016/S0890-6238(01)00172-1
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0890623801001721
3. Denholm I., Devine G. J., Williamson M. S. (2002).
Evolutionary genetics. Insecticide resistance on the move.
Science 297 (5590): 2222–3. Doi: 10.1126/science.1077266
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