Transcript Functions of the Digestive System

2.08 Understand the functions and
disorders of the digestive system
Essential questions
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What are the functions of the digestive system?
How do the functions of chemical and physical digestion
interrelate?
What are the common disorders of the digestive system?
How are disorders of the digestive system treated?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the
digestive system?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of
the digestive system
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Understand the functions of the
digestive system
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of
the digestive system
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Functions of the digestive system
Mouth (buccal cavity)
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What digestive system functions occur in the
mouth? Breaks down food into smaller
pieces…turns it into a bolus
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Functions of the digestive system
Tongue
What is the
digestive system
function of the
tongue? Moves
food around in the
mouth, and
contains the taste
buds
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Functions of the digestive system
 Incisors-sharp edges for
Teeth
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Define mastication.
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biting.
Chewing
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Cuspids (canines)pointed for tearing.
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Bicuspids-broad with 2
ridges for grinding food.
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Molars-ridges for
crushing and grinding.
How is the tooth’s shape
related to its function?
*The teeth and tongue
start the PHYSICAL
breakdown of food
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Functions of the digestive system
*Salivary glands
 What is the function of the salivary
glands?
*Secrete saliva, watery fluid in the
mouth and digestive enzymes such
Ptyalin (enzyme that initiates the
breakdown of carbohydrates)
 *What chemical action takes place
in the mouth as a result?
*CHEMICAL DIGESTION OF FOOD
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Functions of the digestive system
What are the functions
of these oral cavity
structures?
Palate-separates
mouth from
nasopharynx
Uvula-prevents
food
from entering the
nasal cavity when
swallowing.
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Functions of the digestive system
Pharynx
 What does the
pharynx do?
Passage way for
food from the
mouth to the
esophagus
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Functions of the digestive system
Esophagus
What does the
esophagus do?
Moves food from
pharynx to the
stomach
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the digestive system
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Functions of the digestive system
Stomach
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What are the functions of
the stomach? Churns food
to continue the
breakdown
What chemicals are
released there? Acids and
enzymes
How long does it take for
the stomach to empty?
2-4 hours
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Functions of the digestive system
Gastric juices
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Enteroendocrine glands
– Gastrin, produces hydrochloric acid and pepsin
Parietal cells
– HCL and intrinsic factor, destroys bacteria
Chief type cells
– Pepsinogen, breaks down protein
Mucus cells
– alkaline mucus, neutralizes hydrocholoric acid
Rennin-found only in infants and children, prepares
milk for digestion.
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Functions of the digestive system
*Small Intestine
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*What digestive process occurs
here? After digestion of carbs,
fats, and proteins is completed,
the ABSORPTION of nutrients
occurs in the small intestines
What are villi? Tiny projections
that absorb the the digested food
and send it to the bloodstream
and lacteals
What is the relevance to your
health?
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the digestive system
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Functions of the digestive system
Pancreas (also
endocrine organ)
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What digestive enzymes
are secreted by the
pancreas? Pancreatic juice
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What is there function?
help to digest proteins and
fats, control blood sugar
levels by producing insulin
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*Liver
Functions of the digestive system
What
are the functions of the liver? Helps
maintain blood sugar levels, filters out and
destroys old RBC’s, produces bile, stores
vitamins (K, A, D, E, B12), produces
prothrombin, filters out harmful
substances (alcohol, drugs, etc.)
What is the function?
 *Bile-aides in digestion of fat
 glycogen
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What vitamin is produced by the
liver? Vitamin A
Why is it important? Healthy skin,
night vision, repair of tissue
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Functions of the digestive system
Gallbladder
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What is the function
of the gallbladder?
Stores bile
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Why is this function
important? Bile
breaks down fat
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the digestive system
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Functions of the digestive system
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*Large intestine
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What are the functions of the large
intestines? Absorbs water and
salts, bacterial action (E.coli),
fecal formation, gas formation,
*elimination/defacation of waste
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What is its relevance to health?
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What type of diet promotes colon
health? High fiber
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Understand the functions of the
digestive system
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Discus the processes of digestion and
their relevance to health.
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Chemical
Physical
Absorption
Elimination
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Functions of the digestive system
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Fecal transplant
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Allows the bacteria from
the healthy stool to
repopulate the gut of the
patient who has lost
healthy bacteria in their
gut
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Used to treat Clostridium
difficile that grows in
human intestines
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Symptoms range from
persistent diarrhea to lifethreatening inflammation of
the colon to death
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Functions of the digestive system
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What can healthcare
professionals learn from
observing stool
specimens?
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On average, how
much flatus does a
person produce
per day?
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Act of Digestion
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Discuss each action of
the digestive system…
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Ingestion
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Mastication
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Digestion
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Secretion
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Absorption
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Excretion
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Functions of the digestive system
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of
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Disorders of the digestive system
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Anorexia
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Decreased or poor
appetite
*Anorexia nervosa
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*Eating disorder
characterized by
REFUSAL to eat
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*Psychiatric disorder;
poor self-image
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Disorders of the digestive system
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*Bulimia nervosa
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*Binge eating then purging by
vomiting or use of laxatives;
caused by a poor self image
and fear of getting fat.
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Disorders of the digestive system
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*Obesity-excessive amount
of body fat; increases risk for
health problems
*Causes: lack of exercise,
over-eating or unhealthy
eating habits, some medical
conditions
Body mass index (BMI) helps
to determine amount of body
fat based on height and
weight
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Disorders of the digestive system
Caries
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What is another name for
caries?
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What are caries?
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Disorders of the digestive system
Cholecystitis
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What is cholecystitis?
Inflammation of the
gallbladder
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What are the symptoms?
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How is it treated?
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Disorders of the digestive system
*Cholelithiasis
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What is cholelithiasis? *Stones in
the gallbladder (gallstones)
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*Symptoms Abdominal pain/nausea
after eating a diet high in fat; pain
may also occur in middle of back
and shoulders
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How is it treated? Cholecystectomysurgical removal of the gallbladder
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Disorders of the digestive system
Cleft palate
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What is cleft palate?
What is its impact on health?
Who have this condition?
Dentists, Plastic surgeons,
Otolaryngologists
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Disorders of the digestive system
*Cirrhosis
What is cirrhosis? Chronic
inflammatory disease of the liver;
normal tissue is replaced with
fibrous tissue
 What are the symptoms?
Exhaustion, fatigue, nausea,
weakness, weight loss, itchy skin,
abdominal pain, edema, ascites
(fluid in the abdomen), jaundice
 *Excessive alcohol comsumption,
abuse of Tylenol is the #1 cause of
cirrhosis
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Disorders of the digestive disorders
Diarrhea
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Define diarrhea.
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What causes it?
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What are the effects
on your health?
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Disorders of the digestive system
Constipation
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What is CONSTIPATION?
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What are some causes?
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What is OBSTIPATION?
Severe constipation caused
by a intestinal blockage.
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Disorders of the digestive disorders
*Gastroenteritis
What is gastroenteritis?
*Inflammation of the stomach and
intestines
What causes it? virus
*Symptoms: abdominal cramps,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever
*Prevention: Good handwashing!
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Disorders of the digestive system
*Gastroesophageal reflux
disease (GERD)-cardiac sphincter
becomes weak or relaxes allowing
stomach contents to flow into the
esophagus
*Symptoms: epigastric pain/burning
when lying flat, difficulty swallowing,
cough, hoarseness
What are some common causes of
GERD? Smoking, alcohol,
medications, obesity, diet, eating
habits, etc.
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Disorders of the digestive system
Hepatitis
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Acute
Chronic
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Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E
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What are some common
symptoms of hepatitis?
Fever, nausea, anorexia,
jaundice
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Disorders of the digestive system
~Hepatitis-viral inflammation of the liver
~*Hepatitis A-often spread by contaminated food and/or
water.
~*Hepatitis B-found only in the blood and transmitted by
blood or bodily fluids of infected person; a VACCINE is
available
~Hepatitis C-the biggest cause is IV drug use
~Hepatitis D-coexists with Hep B
~Hepatitis E-transmitted through intestinal excretions
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Disorders of the digestive system
Irritable bowel syndrome
(IBS)
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Define irritable bowel syndrome.
Chronic diarrhea alternating with
periods of constipation; unknown
cause
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Discuss how will treatments relate to:
 Lifestyle
 Diet
 Medication
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Disorders of the digestive system
Inflammatory bowel disease
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*Crohn’s Disease-an AUTOIMMUNE
disease that can occur anywhere in the
digestive tract and affects every layer
of the affected area.
*Ulcerative Colitis-an AUTOIMMUNE
disease of the colon and rectum.
Symptoms: chronic diarrhea, vomiting,
abdominal cramping, blood in stool,
weight loss, fatigue
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Disorders of the digestive system
Peptic ulcer
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What is a peptic ulcer?
Sore that forms in the
mucosal lining of the
stomach or the duodenum
Causes: Most are caused
by infection with H. pylori,
some are caused by antiinflammatory meds
Treatment: Histamine
blockers, lifestyle changes
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the digestive system
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Relevance of nutrition to the
digestive system
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Healthy dietary
habits help maintain
homeostasis of body
systems
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Relevance of nutrition to the
digestive system
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*Carbohydrates provide energy
(Ex: eating spaghetti, pancakes
before a track or swim meet for
a burst of energy)
*Protein helps tissue to heal
(Ex: a burn patient will need a
high protein diet)
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*Relevance of nutrition to the digestive system
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Vitamins
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Electrolytes
Fat soluble
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Vitamins A, D, E, K
(Vitamins A, D and B are
stored in the liver)
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Water soluble
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Vitamins C, B
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*Calcium-bones, teeth,
nervous system, aides
with blood clotting
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
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disorders of the digestive system
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2.08 Understand the functions and
disorders of the digestive system
Essential questions





What are the functions of the digestive system?
How do the functions of chemical and physical digestion
interrelate?
What are the common disorders of the digestive system?
How are disorders of the digestive system treated?
How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the
digestive system?
2.08 Understand the functions and disorders of
the digestive system
43