Transcript City-States of Greece

City-States of Greece
Chapter 5 Section 2
The Geography of Greece
“In soft regions are born soft men.”
~Herodotus
Greek Geography Shaped Civilization
• Peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea (known as the
Peloponnesus)
• Seas  transportation,
trade
• Land  mountainous,
rugged
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Prevented unification
Not much farmland
Lacked natural resources
No major rivers for irrigation
Need for colonization
According to Plato, Greeks
lived around the sea “like frogs
around a pond”
Greek Geography Shaped Civilization
• Climate  Moderate, supported outdoor lifestyle
Today’s Goals
• What are the similarities and
differences among Greek city-states and
their legacies?
Rise of Greek City-States
(800-510 BC)
• Polis (city-state)
– Surrounded by protective
walls
• Agora - marketplace
• Acropolis – fortified
hilltop
• Citizens (demos)– free
adult males w/property
– Thetes – other free men
Forms of Government
• Monarchy – rule by 1 person (king)
• Aristocracy – rule by small group of
noble, landowning families
• Oligarchy – gov’t by few powerful
people
• Tyranny – gov’t by person who
seizes control
• Democracy – representative
gov’t by the people
New Kind of Army
• Iron became metal used for weapons &
armor – affordable for everyone
• Hoplites – citizen soldiers – fought on
foot
• Phalanx formation
Athens
• Ionians who settled in Attica
Development of Democracy
• Draco – 621 BC
– Drafted harsh set of laws
• Solon - 594 BC
- Outlawed debt slavery
- Four social classes
based on wealth
- Any citizen could charge
against wrongdoing
• Peisistratus – tyrant
who seized power in
541 BC
Cleisthenes – 510 BC
- Reforms that
led to democracy
in Athens
Athenian Democracy
• Divided into 10 tribes or “demes” (by residence,
not wealth)
– Selected members for boule
• Ekklesia – general town meeting
of free male Athenians
• Boule (Council of 500)
- Filled by lot for 1 yr. term
- Legislature & executive
- Power to ostracize citizens
Athenian Society - Education
• Encouraged educated
mind in strong body
• Only wealthy sons
- Prepared to be good
citizens
- Part of day in
athletic activities
- Military schooling
• Girls – trained to be good wives & mothers
Athenian Military
• Depended on strong navy for protection
Sparta
• Descendants of
Dorians – settled in
Laconia
• Conquered Messenians
- Helots – forced to
work the land
• Messenian revolt is put
down, leads to militarism
Sparta’s Rigid Militaristic
Society
• State made all decisions
• Code of Lycurgus
• Decided if babies
strong enough – if not,
left in hills to die
• Children taken from
families at age 7 to
begin training (Agoge
system)
Agoge Training
• Boys lived in army barracks
until age 30
- Rough training to become
tough soldier
• Girls taught to be strong &
athletic
- Give birth to tough Spartan
boys
- More freedom than Athenian
women
Spartan Government
• Ruled by TWO kings
- Responsible for military,
politics, & religious practices
- Kingship passed on hereditarily
Senate = Council of Elders
- Spartiates > 60 years old
- Elected for life
• Assembly = all men over age 30
• Five ephors = overseers elected annually
• Social Order
• Lowest = helots
• Middle = perioikoi
• Highest = Spartiates
Spartan Philosophy –
Duty, Strength, Self-denial, SelfDiscipline
Factors that Discouraged Unification of
City-States
• Different laws &
governments
• Different coinage
• Different weights &
measures
• Different calendars
Factors that Encouraged
Unification of City-States
• Same language
• Participation in the
Olympic Games
• Common religion
• Common management of
temples
The Olympic Games
• Only freeborn Greeks (“athlos” = contest)
– Selected through elimination trials
• Pentathlon
• Boxing
– Pankration
• Marathon games
• 5 days
• Victors given
crown of olives