Transcript Muslim Culture

Muslim Culture
An Introduction and Historical
Perspective
Kristie Brimhall
History
• Followers of the Islam religion are known as Muslims.
• Islam started in the 7th century in the Middle East (Islam, n.d.)
• Muslims were originally most prevalent in Asia, Africa, the
Middle East, and Eastern Europe (Ibrahim & Dykeman, 2011)
• Several Changes in the world have brought a large number of
Muslims to North America and Western Europe, and they are
increasing in number, especially in the United States (Ibrahim
& Dykeman, 2011).
• It is estimated that 2-10 million Muslims currently reside in
the U.S. (Phelps, 2010)
• Several different types of Muslims in the U.S. (Ibrahim &
Dykeman, 2011)
Kristie Brimhall
“Muslim Culture”
• Broad term that refers to many diverse
Muslim cultural groups (Muslim culture, n.d.)
• There are some commonalities accepted by all
Muslims (Muslim culture, n.d.).
• Muslim culture is seen as a way of life rather
than a religion (Muslim culture, n.d.).
Kristie Brimhall
“Muslim Culture”
• Prayer
• Pets and cleanliness
• Role of Imam
• Islamic calendar and Celebrations
• Wearing the Hijab
• Politeness/Respect
• Social Contact
(Muslim culture, n.d.)
Kristie Brimhall
References
•
Ibrahim, F.A. & Dykerman, C. (Fall 2011). Counseling Muslim Americans: cultural
and spiritual assessments. Journal of Counseling & Development. 89(4), 387-396.
Retrieved from
http://web.a.ebscohost.com.libproxy.dixie.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2
&sid=57b0e4c1-1315-478c-a20d-493846ad71de%40sessionmgr4005&hid=4207
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Patheos Library. (n.d.). Islam. Retrieved from
http://www.patheos.com/library/Islam.html
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Phelps, S. (Nov 2010). Critical literacy: using nonfiction to learn about Islam.
Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 54(3), 190-198. doi: 10.1598/JAAL.54.3.4
•
Sharon Pluralism Network, Inc. (n.d.). Muslim culture. Retrieved from
http://sharonpluralism.org/culturalprotocols/muslim-culture/
Kristie Brimhall
Responses to Pain
• Muslims believe that pain has a positive influence on their
soul and by bearing pain they can be forgiven of their sins
(Broeckaert & Branden, 2010).
• Because of their religious beliefs many Muslim patients may
be resistant to taking any kind of narcotics or medications that
have forbidden substances like alcohol, gelatin, or other
animal products.
• Islamic law will allow exceptions to the rule if no other
medication is available and if taking it is necessary to save the
patient’s life.
Religious Influences
• Islam – Followers of Islam are called Muslims. This religion has
5 main pillars that are considered mandatory to the followers
and they make up the foundation of this religion. They are
Faith, Prayer, Alms-giving, Fasting, and Pilgrimage to Mecca.
So if a person does not follow these teachings they are not
true Muslims.
• Qur'an – Muslims consider this text to be revelation from
God. It is their sacred book and through it they learn about
doctrine, social organization, and legislation.
Special Rituals
• Prayers- Muslims are required to pray at lease five times per
day. These times are dawn, noon, mid afternoon, sunset and
at night. They are also encouraged to pray more often if they
are able. When praying they use a combination of physical
actions, verbal sayings, and what they feel in their hearts.
• Fasting- During the lunar cycle month of Ramadam, Muslims
are required to refrain from having all kinds of food, drink and
sexual intercourse from dawn to sunset. They do this because
it is a way to cleanse the soul of all worldly desires and devout
oneself completely to the obedience of God.
• Pilgrimage- It is expected of every Muslim to travel to the holy
city of Makkah at least once in their lives to perform the rites
of pilgrimage.
• Purification- Before doing certain rituals and especially
praying, Muslims are supposed to wash their hands, face,
arms and feet with water.
• Animal Sacrifice- Muslims believe that God has given them
the right to kill animals and eat them. When Muslims kill an
animal they are required to mention God at the moment the
animal is killed. By doing this it reminds them that God is the
one who gave them the animal and the right to kill it.
References
• Broeckaert, B. & Branden, S. V. (2010).
Necessary Interventions: Muslim Views on
Pain and Symptom, Control in English
Sunni e-Fatwas. ETICHAL PERSPECTIVE,
`17(4), 626-651
Language
•Muslims speak many different languages
•Muslims pray and read Qur’an in Arabic
•Belief that Arabic words have holy power
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Communication
•Non-verbal communication
•beckoning “come here” is offensive
•give personal space
•head is sacred - do not touch
•mostly Malays
•rubbing head is sign of love and respect
•Middle Eastern Muslims
•Interpretation Services/Handshakes
•Men for men
•Women for women (or male if male relative is present
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Family Roles
•Strong Family Ties
•Children live at home until married
•The man is the head of the family
•The woman’s role as mother is regarded
of highest importance
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Parenting Styles
•Mothers sleep with their children when they
are young
•Children accompany their parents in all
experiences, travels, etcetera
•Training begins very young
•accountable to God
•for roles as parents
•Muslim culture
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Family in the Community
•Muslims respect one another
•there is no superiority
•No judgment
•Modest in apperance
•Accept differences
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References
•Culture and Religion Information Sheet Islam. 2012. Government of Western Australia.
Retrieved from http://www.omi.wa.gov.au/resources/publications/cr_diversity/islam.pdf
•Islamic World. Family Life. Retrieved from http://islamicworld.net/parenting/parenting_page/family_life.htm
•Pennington, R. (2009). Muslim Voices. Retrieved from http://muslimvoices.org/arabiclanguage/
•The Islamic Bulletin. Islam Belief and Practices. Retrieved from
http://www.islamicbulletin.org/newsletters/issue_24/beliefs.aspx
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Muslim Culture:
Dietary Practices
• Muslims view the human body as a gift from God, to show
respect and gratitude for their bodies they abide by certain
dietary principles and restrictions aimed at keeping the body
in an optimal state of health.
• Substances that are considered to be harmful to the
intelligence or intoxicant to the body are considered to be
unlawful, forbidden, or haram.
–
This includes alcohol and alcohol-based medications, like cough syrup.
• The blood of dead animals, pork products (bacon, ham, lard),
as well as pork derivatives such as gelatin and insulin are
considered to be haram foods.
• Many Muslims will refuse to eat meat that is bloody or slightly
cooked, consume hospital gelatin, or take gelatinencapsulated medications unless the gelatin has been
confirmed to be derived from a lawful or halal source.
–
However, If there are no halal alternatives, Islam does allow Muslims to consume medications with pork-derived gelatin (Wehbe-Alamah, 2008).
Kayla McDonald
Muslim Culture:
Dietary Practices
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Muslims only eat meat slaughtered and prepared by the People of the Book such
as Jewish and Christians, some Muslims will only consume halal meats that are
prepared according to the Muslim law.
The concept of halal involves the recitation of a prayer to God (Allah) while
slaughtering an animal to commemorate that the animal is a blessed creature of
God that is being killed for human sustenance.
During the holy month of Ramadan, healthy practicing Muslims all around the
world engage in the fasting process. This practice involves abstaining from food,
water, medications, sexual activity and smoking from the break of dawn through
sunset.
– Muslim women who are pregnant or breastfeeding during that month are
excused but are not forbidden from fasting. Sick individuals are also exempt
from fasting. Any missed fasting days are usually made up at a later date.
– Muslims who have diabetes and other individuals who need daily
medications require adjustments to their medical regimen during the month
of Ramadan (Wehbe-Alamah, 2008).
Kayla McDonald
Muslim Culture:
Social Customs
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Modesty is an important concern and value for the majority of Muslims. This is
particularly true for Muslim women. The traditional dress for conservative
practicing Muslim women involves the use of loose clothing that covers the entire
body with the exception of the hands and face and does not reveal its shape or
curvatures. Long skirts, lengthy sleeves and head coverings are typically used.
However, diverse cultures have different ethnic displays of what is considered to
be an acceptable mode of dress.
– It is important to note, however, that not all Muslim women adhere strictly to
the Islamic dress code.
Regardless of which form of dress a conservative Muslim woman uses, there is an
strong need among them to maintain privacy and modesty.
Many Muslim women request to be draped as much as possible during medical or
nursing procedures to safeguard their dignity. Caps are often asked for to cover
the hair in instances were traditional Muslim head coverings are not allowed
(Wehbe-Alamah, 2008).
Kayla McDonald
Muslim Culture:
Social Customs
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Muslim men and women are prohibited from being alone in private except with their spouses, children,
parents, uncles, aunts, father-in-law or mother-in-law. Many Muslim patients will request to have a
chaperone or a family member stay with them during procedures involving a healthcare provider of the
opposite sex.
Muslim men and women are discouraged from looking directly into each other's eyes for prolonged periods
of time. The holy book of Islam, the Qur'an, directs Muslims of both genders to lower their gaze.
Muslims believe that food and drink should be consumed with the right hand which is reserved for doing
clean things. The left hand is often reserved to performing unclean tasks such as cleaning the private area
after bathroom use (Wehbe-Alamah, 2008).
Kayla McDonald
References
•
Wehbe-Alamah, H. (2008). Bridging generic and professional care practices for muslim patients
through use of leininger's culture care modes. Contemporary Nurse : A Journal for the
Australian Nursing Profession, 28(1), 83-97. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/203169368?accountid=27045
Kayla McDonald
Nursing Impact on the
Muslim Patient
Responsibility of a Nurse
Advocate
Culturally competent
Educate
Manage care
Promote dignity and well being
Administer Care
Considerations to patient care
• Communication needs
• Spiritual needs
• Coping behaviors
• Privacy concerns
• Health related behaviors
• Family involvement
Cultural Competence
• A nurses impact on a patient can be directly
related to the degree in which the nurses is
culturally competent.
• Attitude-Self assessment
• Addressing cultural issues and considerations to promote
health
• Inclusion of family in patient assessment process
• Beliefs, practices and health related values
Impact on Patient
• Depends entirely on the sensitivity shown to a patient’s
uniqueness and dignity in which a patient is treated
• Unintentional violations of customs, rituals or deeply held
beliefs prevent establishment of relationships and trust
• Need to understand that Muslim belief can not be
separated from the person.
• A family centered approach is required, not just patient
centered
References
Andrews, M. M., Boyle J. S. (2012). Transcultural Concepts in
Nursing care (6th ed.)) Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer
Health|Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Black, B. P. (2014). Professional Nursing Concepts & Challenges
(7th ed.). St. Louis, MS: Saunders.
Hammoud, M. M., White, C. B., & Fetters, M. D. (2005). Opening cultural doors:
Providing culturally sensitive healthcare to Arab American and American
Muslim patients. American Journal Of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 193(4),
1307. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2005.02.065
Teaching Outline for Muslims Patient with Hypertension
• What is Hypertension?
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Hypertension is the term used to describe high blood pressure.
Blood pressure is a measurement of the force against the walls of your arteries as your heart
pumps blood through your body. The top number is called the systolic blood pressure ,and
the bottom number is called the diastolic blood pressure.
Normal blood pressure is when your blood pressure is lower than 120/80mmHg most of the
time.
High blood pressure (hypertension) is when your blood pressure is 140/90mmHg or above
most of the time.
If your blood pressure numbers are 120/80or higher, but below 140/90, it is called prehypertension
Risk Factors and Prevention
Risk Factors:
• Obesity or being overweight
• Diabetes
• Sedentary lifestyle
• Lack of physical activity
• High levels of salt intake (sodium
sensitivity)
• Insufficient calcium, potassium, and
magnesium consumption
• Vitamin D deficiency
• High levels of alcohol consumption
• Stress
• Aging
• Medicines such as birth control pills
• Genetics and a family history of
hypertension
• Chronic kidney disease
• Adrenal and thyroid problems or tumors
Prevention:
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Exercise regularly
Quit smoking
Limit sodium intake
Reduce stress
Stay at a healthy body weight
Check blood pressure values regularly
Treatments and Complications
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The most common treatment for hypertension is medication. There are many different types of
medications for hypertension.
Make sure to take your medications as prescribed, and do not skip doses. If you forget a dose,
take it as soon as you remember, but do not double up on doses.
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It is important to control your blood pressure. Complications of high blood pressure include:
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Chronic Kidney Disease
Heart attack and heart failure
Stroke
Vision problems
Special Considerations
• During Ramadan, fasting may be allowed,
especially if your blood pressure is wellcontrolled.
- your doctor may work with you to change
your medication schedule so that you can take
your medications outside of the fasting times.
• If necessary, Dietary restrictions should still be
able to follow Halal guidelines.
References:
• http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/Healthyramadan/
Pages/faqs.aspx