Transcript 10th BJU Ancient Greece

PPT used by permission of
Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY
Edited by Patti Summers, Conway Christian School 2012
The Geography of Greece
Greek Civilization Periods
• Pre-Greek – Aegean or Archaic
• Greek – Hellenic
• Post-Greek – Hellenistic (from Death
of Alexander to the Rise of Rome)
• From Greek “Hellas” which is what
Greeks still call their own country.
Bronze Age Greece
Crete: Minoan Civilization
Palace at Knossos (the ‘k’ is silent)
Flush toilets, running water, bathtubs!
Knossos: Minoan Civilization
Flourished 2000 BC
Named for King Minos
Minoan Civilization
The Mycenaean Civilization
Mycenaeans
Traded with Egypt and the
Fertile Crescent
Rt: The Lion Gate, entrance
To the fortified citadel of
Mycenae
Mycenaeans
• Mainland
• Learned art, building, culture from
Minoans
• Might have destroyed Knossos
• Military expertise, fortified cities
• Expanded through sea raids, piracy,
colonization
• Rival: Troy on the Hellespont
• Finally conquered by the Dorians
from the north
Trojan War p. 56
• Mycenaeans went to war against Troy
• 10 years
• Mycenaeans won using Trojan Horse
• Homer’s Iliad tells the story of the
war
• “Beware of Greeks bearing gifts!”
The Mask of Agamemnon ??? (Not,
but it’s still a good find!)
Golden mask discovered by Schliemann
with nine cities of Troy in layers!
Homeric Age: The “Heroic Age”
Greek Dark Age
•Iliad & Odyssey give us
our knowledge of this
period in Greek history
•Heroic stories of dignity,
strength, valor, bravery,
generosity and wisdom
Greek Dark Ages
1150 – 750 BC
• Greeks neglected the palace fortresses
• Little contact with outside
civilizations
• Move from cities to small villages
• This period blends many elements
into a common Greek culture
Greek Mythology p. 57-58
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
12 chief gods/goddesses
Lived on Mt. Olympus
Zeus – king of the gods, lightening bolts
Apollo – sun, music, medicine
Athena – wisdom (patron of Athens)
Poseidon – sea, earthquakes
Anthropomorphic (human characteristics)
Prayer/sacrifices offered to them
Olympics honored Zeus
Olympiad – the four-year period between
each Olympic games
Olympia
The Ancient Olympics:
Athletes & Trainers
Olympia: Temple to Hera
The 2004 Olympics
Role of City States p. 59
• Greek mountains isolated the various
city states
• Usually built at the foot of a hill
• Fortress built on top = “acropolis”
• Polis = “city – state” was basic unit of
government
• Unit of authority, protection for the
Greek was his city
Government p. 59
• Monarchy: rule by one. Homeric age.
• Oligarchy: rule by few. Council of nobles
or popular assembly. Tension between
nobles and lower classes.
• Tyranny: gained control by force. Not
necessarily corrupt, sometimes a reformer.
• Democracy: rule by the people. Each
adult male citizen could share in ruling his
city state.
• Athens and Sparta eventually became
opposing strong city states with differing
philosophies of rule.
Greek Colonies p. 60
Sparta
• City-state located on the Peloponnesus
• Dorians conquered it and made the people slaves,
or Helots
• Made other conquests slaves as well
• Slaves outnumbered free men
• Militaristic ways because of fear of slave revolt
• Warrior training
• Unhealthy babies left to die
• Boys raised in barracks after age 7
• Learned to endure beatings, to steal
• Soldiers at 20, citizens at 30
Sparta, cont.
• Women told their husbands, “Return with
your shield or on it.”
• Oligarchy government
• Peloponnesian League organized by Sparta
to counter the democratic principles of the
Athenian city-state.
SPARTA
SPARTA
Helots  Messenians enslaved by the
Spartans.
ATHENS: Yesterday & Today
Piraeus: Athens’ Port City
Athens p. 61
• Had king during Homeric Age
• Later oligarchy of chief nobles, with
chief archon elected from their midst
• Common people began to resent the
nobles
Phidias’ Acropolis
The Acropolis Today
The Parthenon
The Agora
The Classical Greek “Ideal”
Early Athenian Lawgivers
Solon – reformer whose changes helped
common man p. 61
$
$
Forbade making debtors slaves
$
Council of 400 gave representation to
all sections of Athens
$
After his death, tyrants seized power
for the lower classes…
$
True democracy came later with
Pericles, 5th century BC
3.3 Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480
BCE
Persian Wars: Famous Battles
 Marathon (490 BCE)
 26 miles from Athens
 Thermopylae (480 BCE)
 300 Spartans at the
Mountain pass
 Salamis (480 BCE)
 Athenian navy victorious
3.3 The Fateful Century
• Persian Wars – Battle of Marathon
– Persia conquered Greek colonies in Asia
Minor
– Greeks rebelled and Darius I attacked
them at Marathon
– Athenians were victorious
– The distance for the Olympic “marathon”
comes from this event in history, the
distance run by a messenger to tell the
king that the Greeks had won the battle.
p. 62
• Battle of Thermopylae
– Darius I never forgot his humiliation at
Marathon, and planned to retaliate
– After his death, Xerxes, his son, attacked
with an enormous army
– Greeks defended at the mountain pass at
Thermopylae
• 7000 Greeks
• Probably 200,000 Persians
• Greeks were betrayed by one of their own
• Story of the “300” - Video to come…
• Battle of Salamis
– After Thermopylae, the Persians
marched on to burn Athens to the
ground
– Greek leader Themistocles outwitted
the Persians into entering the Strait of
Salamis, where Larger Persian ships
were outmaneuvered by Greek smaller
ships – see “Greek Warships” video
– First great naval battle in history!
Persian Wars: Famous Battles
 Marathon (490 BCE)
 26 miles from Athens
 Thermopylae (480 BCE)
 300 Spartans at the
Mountain pass
 Salamis (480 BCE)
 Athenian navy victorious
Golden “Age of Pericles”:
460 BCE – 429 BCE
Periclean Age p. 64
• After defeating the Persians at
Salamis, other city states looked to
Athens for protection
• Delian League was defensive alliance
for Athens
• Pericles led Athens 30 years
• Called Athens “the school of Greece”
• All adult males could vote, share in
govt. equally
• Many contributions to culture and
thought under Pericles
Peloponnesian Wars
Peloponnesian Wars p.65
• Both Athens and Sparta had fought together against
Persia
• Later, however, Sparta was jealous of Athens’
power and influence
• Delian League was now an empire for Athens
• Sparta: strong land army
• Athens: best navy
• Plague killed may Athenians early in the war
• Sparta eventually defeated/destroyed Athens’ fleet
• Sparta wins the war!
• Sparta is a hard taskmaster and many Greeks are
unhappy under her rule…
Macedonia Under Philip
II
Macedonia Unites Greece
p. 65
• Philip II conquers Greece
• Admired Greek culture, art, literature
• Treated them well
• Wanted the conquered Greeks to help
him invade Persia and get revenge
• Died before he could do it
• Son, Alexander, became King at 20
• Alexander was tutored by Aristotle
Alexander the Great
Alexander’s Conquests p.66
• Conquered Asia Minor and went on to
conquer Persia, who was led by Darius III.
He avenged the Persian invasion of
Greece (Thermopylae)
• Conquered Syria, Tyre, Egypt
• 8 years, 11,000 miles later, his army
rebelled and turned back at India
• Alexander died of a fever at 32
• Bible prophesied his empire would be
divided into four parts (Daniel 8:21-22,
11:4)
Alexander the Great in Persia
Alexander’s Horse
• Someone offered a black stallion with a white
blaze to Philip to see if he wanted to buy it, but no
one could ride the horse.
• Alexander, then 12, asked how anyone could turn
the horse down
• The men laughed at him
• He offered to ride the horse if it would then
belong to him
• He turned the horse so it could not see its own
shadow, then calmed the horse, then proceeded to
ride him.
• Called the horse “Bucephalus” because it carried
the brand of the ox head.
Alexander the Great’s Empire
Divided Empire p. 66
• Four generals divided Alexander’s
empire
• Formed ruling dynasties which
existed until Rome conquered them
• Ptolemies: Egypt
• Seleucids: Syria/Persia
• Antigonids: Macedonia/Greece
Alexander’s Kingdom divided among four
generals.
The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire
Review p. 66
1. Over what kingdom did Philip II
rule?
2. Who was the teacher of Alexander
the Great who instilled in his youg
pupil a love for Greek culture?
3. List the three ruling families that
ruled portions of Alexander’s
empire after his death. Identify the
region each ruled.
3.5 Greek Culture p. 67
Valued:
Beauty
Freedom
Justice
Truth
Knowledge
Appreciated:
Creative spirit
Versatile talents
Thirst for knowledge
Physical ability
Zest of life
Self-control
Restraint
Balance
Moderation
Hellenic Culture: Before
Alexander
• Greeks called themselves Hellenes
• Called Greece Hellas, still do!
• Peak of Hellenic culture was Golden
Age of Athens
• Cradle of Western Culture
• Greek army never conquered the
world, but Greek culture did!
Hellenistic Culture: From
Alexander to Rome
• Greek Language and way of life later
mixed with cultures all over the
conquered world and formed
“Hellenistic” culture, meaning “like
the Greek”
• Blended art, religion, philosophy, and
customs
The Hellenization of Asia
Pergamum: A Hellenistic
City
The Economy of the Hellenistic World
Recommendation!
• I recommend that you make review
cards to help you learn the names of
the individuals in this section of the
book. They are important, and it will
be easy to confuse them if you don’t
have a good study tool.
• Use the “Can You Identify?” list on
p. 75
Focus on Man p. 67
• Ability to think and reason made man
unique
• Humanities: study of philosophy and
human thought
• “Man is the measure of all things”
Protagoras. The ultimate source of
value is man, rather than a god or
moral law.
• Developing human capabilities
toward perfection.
Philosophers p. 68
•
•
•
•
•
•
Means “lovers of wisdom”
Seek truth/obtain knowledge
“Where did I come from?”
“Why am I here?”
“What is the highest good in life?”
Greek assumptions
– Basic goodness of man
– Relied on man’s wisdom as a guide for
behavior and means of finding
happiness
Important Philosophers p.68
• Thales: Father of Philosophy
– Sought to explain origin of universe
– Water as original substance of all things
• Socrates: Golden Age.
– “Know Thyself.” “The unexamined life is not worth
living.”
– Teaching through questioning. Socratic method.
– Absolute truth can be obtained through human reason
– Virtue = knowledge, Ignorance = evil
– Questioned fundamental institutions of his day.
– Tried for corrupting youth of Athens, condemned to death
– Drank hemlock
Important Philosophers
• Plato – Pupil of Socrates p. 69
–
–
–
–
Established the Academy in Athens
Wrote “The Republic” – ideal plan for society/govt.
Said freedom and liberty without restraint leads to anarchy
Nature of true reality: things must be permanent to be truly
“real.” True Reality lies outside the physical world.
– Earthly things are “shadows” of eternal “forms” from an
unseen realm
• Aristotle – Came to Athens from northern Greece
–
–
–
–
–
–
Studied at Plato’s Academy
Tutored Alexander
Physical world IS reality. Scientific method.
Best remembered for writings on logic, “The Organon”
Golden Mean – Everything in moderation
Syllogism (3-step logical process)
• All Greeks are human>Aristotle is a Greek>Therefore, Aristotle is
human!
Raphael’s “School of Athens”
“The School of Athens” by Raphael
Plato
(427-345 BC) He pointed
up,
emphasizing
that he
believed
ultimate
reality was in
things we
cannot see,
such as ideas
and thoughts.
Plato was a
student of
Socrates.
Aristotle (384322 BC) - He
spread his hand
down,
emphasizing
what we can see
and touch. He
was a student of
Plato.
What is ultimate reality?
Epicureans & Stoics p. 70
• Emerged after death of Alexander
• Epicurus: avoid pain and fear
• Zeno founded Stoicism
–
–
–
–
Fixed laws govern the affairs of men/universe
Accept your fate and life a life of duty, self-control
Great impact on the Roman World
Apostle Paul preached in Athens and was mocked
by both groups for his teaching on the resurrection,
which contradicted their teachings.
Other Contributions p. 70
• Pythagoras: Geometry. Pythagorean Theorem
• Hippocrates: Father of Medicine. Illness has a
natural cause & is not a punishment of the gods.
– Hippocratic oath governed his practice.
• Euclid: Father of Geometry. School of math in
Alexandria, Egypt.
– Wrote “Elements”, basis for modern geometry textbooks
• Archimedes: famous scientist “Eureka!” (Lever)
• Eratosthenes: found circumference of the globe
using geometry.
– Made latitude/longitude lines still used
– Note: they knew the world was round!!!
Greek Literature p.71
• Herodotus: Father of History
– Wrote history of Persian Wars
• Thucydides: History of the Peloponnesian War
– More accurate & unbiased than Herodotus
• Drama was important in Greek life.
–
–
–
–
Festivals in Athens
Outdoor performances, contests
Sophocles: tragedy
Aristophanes: comedy
Greek Art & Architecture p. 72-73
•
•
•
•
Three periods: Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic
Archaic: Egyptian influence, more crude forms
Classical: highest achievement, ideal forms
Hellenistic: lost simple beauty and became more
emotional, post-Alexander
• Golden Age of Greece = Classical Age of
Architecture
– Standard was copied by many generations
– Athenian Acropolis, rebuilt after the Persian War destroyed
the buildings after the defeat at Thermopylae
– Pericles had many temples rebuilt
– Parthenon – Temple to Athena in Athens