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LEARN HOW TO DO CORNELL NOTES
TEKS: C.1.M.
Examine historical significance in medicine
C.1.E.
Report on advancements in modern medicine
(oral presentation)
C.11.A-B
Summarize the use of technology in the
advancement of medicine
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtW9IyE
04OQ
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Lessons
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Ancient Times
Middle Ages and Renaissance
Industrial Revolution and Modern Era
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7VU_I4I5g
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4000 to 3000 BC
People believed that
illness was caused by
supernatural beings.
Several herbs and
plants were used as
medicine.
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Egyptians – 3000 BC
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Babylonians – 2000
BC
▫ Magic and religion
▫ Conservative physicians
▫ Imhotep
▫ Similar to Egyptians
▫ Physicians are paid for
services
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Both cultures had
poor sanitation and
hygiene.
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Hindus – 1500 BC
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Hospitals and Nurses
Many types of surgeries
Knowledge of drugs
Sewers
Chinese – 3000 BC
The belief to cure the spirit
and nourish
the body
▫ Documented over 1000
medical herbs
▫ Acupuncture
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2000 to 400 BC
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Hippocrates
▫ Father of Medicine
▫ Observation and Notetaking
▫ Hippocratic Oath
▫ established the importance
of nutrition and cleanliness
in preventing illness and
disease
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Aristotle
▫ Anatomy
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200 BC to 500 AD
Claudius Galen
▫ Ignored the practice of
patient observation
▫ Four body fluids
▫ Many flawed theories
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Established superior
drainage systems and
set up public
hospitals
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causes of disease had
not been discovered and
many illnesses proved to
be fatal
542 AD – First episode of
the bubonic plague.
Rome is overthrown by
barbarians, and the study
of medicine is forbidden.
People return to religion,
magic, and folklore to
cure disease.
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Interest in the medical practices of the Greeks
and Romans
An outbreak of bubonic plague in the 1300s
resulted in the death of 75% of the people in
Europe and Asia
Medical universities were established in the 9th
century
Many medical discoveries were made during the
ancient time period. However, the era ended
just as it began.
The majority of people who lived in the ancient
world believed that sickness was directly linked
to a supernatural being.
They believed that sickness could only be cured
through obedience, prayer, and religious rites.
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800 to 1300 AD
Moslem Arab Empire
▫ Pharmacology
▫ Rhazes
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First medical school
Common people are
treated by barber
surgeons.
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1347 to 1352 AD
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Second episode of the
bubonic plague
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Over one-third of
Europe’s population
died.
Many Europeans
challenge the belief
that religion is the
cure for disease.
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Time period between 1350–
1650 AD
Otherwise known as the
“rebirth of the science of
medicine”
Human dissection to view body
organs
Medical books were published
Causes of disease were still a
mystery1350 to 1700 AD
Many Europeans reject their
commitment to religion.
Andreas Vesalius published the
first human anatomy book.
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Reason and intellect
had replaced religion
and superstition in
the medical field.
Typical life span was
about 40 years.
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Knowledge regarding the
human body
greatly increased
Invention of the microscope
Apothecaries (early
pharmacists) were involved in
the making, prescribing, and
selling of medications
Smallpox vaccine was
discovered by Edward Jenner
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1700 and 1800’s
Industrial revolution with the
development of machines brought
major progress to medical science
 Rene’ Laennec - Invention of
stethoscope
 Theodor Fledner – started Training
programs for nurses
 Infection control with methods to
stop the spread of disease
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Advances in chemistry and
physics
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Louis Pasteur develops
pasteurization.
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Joseph Lister develops
methods of medical
asepsis.
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1778 - John Hunter inserts a feeding tube into a
patient.
1820 -Florence Nightingale – Founder of Modern
Nursing
1821 – Elizabeth Blackwell – became 1st female
physician in US
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1822 – Gregor Mendel - disc. heredity
1843 – Robert Koch – “Father of Microbiology” &
identified pathogens that cause TB.
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Paul Ehrlich – acid-fast stain and developed cure
for syphillis
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1881- Clara Barton – Founded the American Red
Cross
1892 – Dimitri Ivanofski – disc. Viruses
1895 – Wilhelm Roentgen – discovered
roentgenograms (X-rays)
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1900 to Present
1932 – Sir
Alexander Fleming
discovered
penicillin.
First open-heart
surgery
Computer technology in
every aspect of health
care
Unlimited possibilities
for medical science in
the future
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Francis Crick and James
Watson discover DNA.
Organ transplants
become successful.
Infertile couples have
children through in
vitro fertilization.
Childhood vaccinations
eliminate many viral
diseases.
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Human genome project
Embryonic stem cell research
Threat of bioterrorism with the use biologic agents as
weapons
Viruses that can cause pandemic (world-wide) epidemics
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Health insurance
plans were
developed in the
1920’s.
Medicare and
Medicaid.
to help elderly people and lowincome families pay for health
care
Hospitals were
organized into
specialized units.
emergency rooms, intensive care units,
and pediatric units. Private clinics were
also opened to help care for certain
illnesses.
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The future of
medicine is full of
promise.
Medical innovations
should be explored
with caution.
Health care workers
must stay openminded and flexible.
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Purpose: control the rising cost of health
care and achieve maximum benefit for every dollar spent
Necessity: costs increasing with technological advances,
improved survival rates, aging population, and healthrelated lawsuits
METHODS:
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Diagnostic related groups (DRGs)
Combination of services
Outpatient services
Mass or bulk purchasing
Early intervention and preventive services
Energy conservation
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Important not to decrease quality of care
Workers can decrease costs (e.g., look for
areas to control costs and avoid waste, keep
expenditures down)
Consumers can decrease costs (e.g., take
responsibility for their own care, follow
preventive measures to decrease need for
services, use services appropriately)
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Industry grew rapidly when DRGs initiated
Services provided in patient’s home
Visits must be pre-authorized by insurance agency
(unless private pay)
Often necessary to teach family members to
perform care since visits are limited
Emphasis on cost containment also applies to home
health
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Care for the elderly
Percentage of elderly population
growing rapidly
Need for more facilities
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)
of 1987
◦ Federal law regarding long-term care and home
health care
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Use of audio, video, and computers to
provide health care from a distance
Interactive services are expected to
grow rapidly in the future
Increases accessibility to information
Decreases need for trip to medical
center
Decreases need for home health visits
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State of optimal health
 Increase awareness of maintaining health and preventing
disease
 Emphasis on preventative measures rather than waiting
for need for curative intervention
 Different facilities will develop to meet needs of wellness
emphasis
PROMOTED BY:
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Physical wellness
Emotional wellness
Social wellness
Mental and intellectual wellness
Spiritual wellness
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Treat the whole body, mind, and spirit
Each person is unique with different needs
Use many methods to diagnose and treat
Emphasis on protection and restoration
Promote body’s natural healing processes
Patient responsible for choosing care and
worker respects the choice
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Increasingly used to replace or supplement traditional medical
treatment
Holistic approach: belief that the effect on one part effects the
whole person
Based on belief that the person has a life force or energy that
can be used in the healing process
May vary by cultural values or beliefs
Practitioners
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Ayurvedic
Chinese medicine
Chiropractors
Homeopaths
Hypnotists
Naturopaths
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Refer to Table 1-8 in text
Most are noninvasive and holistic
Often less expensive than the more
traditional treatments
Nonjudgmental attitude is essential—
patients have right to choose treatment
Increased use requires increased
awareness by health care workers
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Goal: ensure that
all Americans can
get
health coverage
Various plan
proposals
Costs
Potential problems
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Outbreak of disease over a wide geographic area
Influenza pandemics have occurred throughout history
H5N1 viruses—avian flu virus
Viruses can mutate and also exchange
genetic information
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Government plans
Education
Vaccine production
Antiviral drugs
Developing
protective health
measures
International
cooperation
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One of the oldest binding documents
in history, the Oath written by
Hippocrates is still held sacred by
physicians: to treat the ill to the best of
one's ability, to preserve a patient's
privacy, to teach the secrets of
medicine to the next generation, and
so on.
There are many versions of the
Hippocratic Oath. We here present two
versions. First, the "classic" version (or
more precisely, one translation of the
original oath). And then, following it, is
presented one of the fine "modern"
versions of the Hippocratic Oath.
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I swear to fulfill, to the best of my
ability and judgment, this covenant:
I will respect the hard-won scientific
gains of those physicians in whose
steps I walk, and gladly share such
knowledge as is mine with those who
are to follow.
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I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures [that] are required, avoiding those twin
traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism.
I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy,
and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug.
I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills
of another are needed for a patient's recovery.
I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the
world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. If it is
given me to save a life, all thanks. But it may also be within my power to take a life; this
awesome responsibility must be faced with great humbleness and awareness of my own
frailty. Above all, I must not play at God.
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I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous
growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the
person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes
these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick.
I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable
to cure.
I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special
obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind
and body as well as the infirm.
If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected
while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I
always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and
may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help.
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