Transcript Integumentary System - Petal School District

Unit 12
Introduction to Medical
Terminology, Ehrlich
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Protection – Barrier to sun & invasion of
pathogens, holds moisture in & prevents
body tissues from drying out
Sensory Perception – Nerves in the skin help
body respond to pain, pressure, temperature
& touch sensations
Body Temperature – Blood vessels in skin
help body retain or lose heat. Sudoriferous
glands help cool body through evaporation of
perspiration
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Storage - Tissues for temporary storage of fat,
glucose(sugar), water, vitamins,& salts
Absorption – Substances can be absorbed
through skin, ex. Medications (creams, patches)
called transdermal medications
Excretion – Eliminate salt, a minute amount of
waste, and excess water and heat through
perspiration
Production – Helps in the production of vitamin d
by using ultraviolet rays from sun to form an
initial molecule of vitamin D that matures in the
liver
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Sebaceous Glands – secrete sebum (oil) that
lubricates the skin and discourages the
growth of bacteria on skin
Sudoriferous Glands – (Sweat), help regulate
body temperature and water content by
secreting sweat. Small amount of metabolic
waste also secreted.
Hair – Helps control loss of body heat
Nails – Protect the dorsal surface of the last
bone of each toe & finger
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Covers the external surfaces of the body.
Average adult has two square yards of skin,
making it the largest bodily organ
Cutaneous means relating to skin
Skin is a complex system of specialized tissues &
is made up of three basic layers:
◦ Epidermis
◦ Dermis
◦ Subcutaneous layer
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Epidermis - outermost layer of skin, made
up of several specialized epithelial tissues
◦ Epithelial Tissues – form protective covering for all
internal & external surfaces of body
◦ Squamous Epithelial Tissues – Forms upper layer of
epidermis, consists of flat, scaly cells that are
continuously shed
◦ Does not contain blood vessels or connective
tissue, is dependent on lower layers for
nourishment
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Epidermis
◦ Basal Layer – Lowest layer of epidermis. Here cells
are produced and then pushed upward. When these
cells reach the surface, they die & become filled
with keratin.
◦ Keratin – fibrous, water-repellent protein. Soft
keratin is primary component of the epidermis.
Hard keratin found in hair & nails
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Epidermis
◦ Melanocytes – Special cells found in the basal layer.
Produce & contain a dark brown to black pigment
called melanin. Type & amount of melanin pigment
determines color of skin.
◦ Melanin – has important function of protecting the
skin against some of the harmful ultraviolet rays of
the sun.
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Known as the corium & the true skin, thick
layer of living tissue directly below the
epidermis.
Contains connective tissue, blood & lymph
vessels, and nerve fibers.
Contains the associated structures of the
skin, which are the hair follicles plus the
sebaceous & sudoriferous glands
Sensory nerve endings in dermis are the
sensory receptors stimuli such as touch,
temperature, pain and pressure
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Collagen – Means glue, is a tough flexible,
fibrous protein material found in the skin and
in the bones, Cartilage, tendons & ligament
Mast Cells – Found in the connective tissues
of the dermis, respond to injury, infection, or
allergy by producing and releasing
substances, including heparin & histamine
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Heparin – is released in response to an injury,
is an anticoagulant. An anticoagulant
prevents blood clotting
Histamine – Which is released in response to
allergens, causes the signs of an allergic
response, including itching and increased
mucus secretion
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Subcutaneous Layer – Located just below the
skin, connects the skin to the surface muscles
Layer is made up of loose connective tissue
and adipose tissue. Adipose means fat
Cellulite – Term sometimes used to describe
deposits of dimpled fat, is really just simply
ordinary fat.
Lipocytes – (fat cells) are predominant in the
subcutaneous layer where they manufacture
and store large quantities of fat
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Sebaceous Glands – Located in the dermis
layer of the skin and are closely associated
with hair follicles
◦ Secretes sebum which is released through ducts
opening into the hair follicles. From here, the
sebum moves onto the surface & lubricates the skin
◦ Sebum is slightly acidic, discourages the growth of
bacteria on the skin
◦ Milk-producing mammary glands, which are
modified sebaceous glands, are sometimes
classified with the integumentary system. They are
also part of the reproductive system
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Sudoriferous Glands – (Sweat Glands) are tiny,
coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces.
Most numerous in palms or hands, soles of feet,
forehead, & armpits
◦ Pores – are openings on the surface of the skin for the
ducts of the sweat glands
◦ Perspiration – (Sweat) is secreted by sweat glands and is
made up of 99% water plus some salt & metabolic waste
products
◦ Perspiring – (Sweating) one way the body excretes
excess. Body odor associated with sweat comes from
interaction of perspiration with bacteria on the skin’s
surface
◦ Hidrosis – Production & excretion of sweat
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Hair - rod-like structures composed of tightly
fused dead protein cells filled with hard keratin.
Darkness & color of the hair is determined by the
amount & type of melanin produced by the
melanocytes that surround the core of the hair
shaft
◦ Hair Follicles – sacs that hold the root of the hair fibers.
Shape of the follicle determines whether the hair is
straight or curly
◦ Dead Hair Tissue – appears to grow because cells at the
base of the follicle divide rapidly & push old cells
upward. As they are pushed upward they harden and
undergo pigmentation
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Hair
◦ Arrector pili – tiny muscles fibers attached to the
hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect.
◦ In response to cold or fright, these muscles
contract, causing raised areas of skin known as
goose bumps. This action reduces heat loss
through the skin.
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Unguis – Commonly know as a fingernail or
toenail, is the keratin plate protecting the
dorsal surface of the last bone of each finger
and toe. Each nail consists of these parts:
◦ Nail Body – translucent, closely molded to the
surface of the underlying tissues. Made up of hard,
keratinized plates of epidermal cells
◦ Nail Bed – joins the nail body to the underlying
connective tissue, nourished the nail. The blood
vessels here give he nail its characteristic pink color
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Unguis
◦ Free Edge – Portion of the nail not attached to the
nail bed, extends beyond the tip of the finger or toe
◦ Lunula – Pale half moon-shaped region at every nail
root that is generally most easily seen in thumb
nail. This is the active area of the nail, where new
keratin cells form.
◦ Cuticle – Narrow band of epidermis attached to the
surface of the nail in front of the root protecting the
new keratin cells as they form.
◦ Nail Root – Fastens the nail to the finger or toe by
fitting into a groove in the skin
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Dermatologist – A physician, who specializes
in diagnosing & treating disorders of the skin
Cosmetic Surgeon – (plastic surgeon) a
physician who specializes in the surgical
restoration & reconstruction of body
structures
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Acne Vulgaris –
Commonly known as
acne. Chronic
inflammatory disease
characterized by
pustular eruptions of
the skin caused by an
overproduction of
sebum. Often
triggered by a
hormones in puberty
& adolescence
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Seborrhea – over
activity of sebaceous
glands, results in the
production of an
excessive amount of
sebum
Seborrheic Dermatitis
– Inflammation that
causes scaling &
itching of the upper
layers of skin or
scalp.
Lesion – Pathologic change of the tissues due
to disease or injury. Skin lesions are
described by their appearance, location,
color, and size as measured in centimeters
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Crust – scab, a
collection of dried
serum and cellular
debris
Macule – freckle,
discolored, flat spot
usually <1 cm in
diameter
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Nodule – solid, raised
skin lesion > 0.5 cm
in diameter & deeper
than a papule
Papule – small, raised
red lesion < 0.5 in
diameter & does not
contain pus, ex.
small pimples &
insect bites
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Plaque – scaly, solid
raised area of
closely spaced
papules, ex.
psoriasis lesions
Scales – flakes or
dry patches made
up of excess dead
epidermal cells, ex.
Psoriasis scales
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Verrucae – warts,
small, hard skin
lesions caused by
the human
papilloma virus
Wheal – welt, small
bump that itches,
can appear as a
symptom of an
allergic reaction
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Abscess – closed
pocket containing
pus, caused by a
bacterial infection
Cyst – abnormal sac
containing gas,
fluid, or semisolid
material, most
common is
sebaceous cyst
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Pustule – pimple,
small circumscribed
lesion containing
pus
Vesicle – small
blister <0.5 cm,
contains watery
fluid
Bulla – Large blister
>0.5 cm, contains
watery fluid
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Abrasion – injury,
superficial layers of
skin are scraped or
rubbed away
Pressure Sore,
decubitus ulcer or
bed sore. Ulcerated
area caused by
prolonged pressure
that caused tissue
death
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Fissure – groove or
crack-like break in
skin
Laceration – torn or
jagged wound, or
an accidental cut
wound
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Puncture wound –
deep hole made by
sharp object such
as a nail. Increased
risk of infection
Ulcer – Open lesion
of skin or mucous
membrane
resulting in tissue
loss around the
edges
Dermatitis –
inflammation of the
skin
 Contact DermatitisLocalized allergic
response caused by
contact with an
irritant, ex diaper
rash, jewelry rash
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Eczema – form of
persistent or
recurring dermatitis
characterized by
redness, itching, &
dryness
Pruitus – itching
that is associated
with most forms of
dermatitis
Erythema – Redness of
the skin due to
capillary dilation
 Erythema multiformResults from
generalized allergic
reaction to illness,
infection or
medication.
Characterized by
rash (nodules,
papules, vesicles or
bullae)
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Erythema
infectiosum – fifth
disease, mildly
contagious viral
infection common
in childhood. Red
lace-like rash on
face
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Exfoliative Dermatitis
– Widespread scaling
of the skin, often
with pruritus,
erythroderma & hair
loss. May occur in
severe cases of many
common skin
conditions, ex.
Eczema, psoriasis, &
allergic reactions
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Psoriasis – Chronic
noncontagious,
inherited. Has
flare-ups with red
plaque covered with
silvery scales occur
on elbows knees,
scalp back or
buttocks.
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Urticaria – (hives),
itchy wheals caused
by an allergic
reaction
Xeroderma –
(xerosis)
excessively dry
skin
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Cellulitis – acute,
rapidly spreading
infection within
tissues with
malaise, swelling,
warmth & red
streaks
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Gangrene – tissue
necrosis, caused by
a loss of circulation
to tissues. Tissue
death is followed by
bacterial invasion
that causes
putrefaction & if
this infection enters
bloodstream it can
be fatal
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Impetigo – highly
contagious
bacterial skin
infection that
commonly occurs in
children. Isolated
pustules become
crusted & ruptures
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Necrotizing Fasciitis
– Severe infection
caused by group A
strep bacteria.
(flesh eating) If
bacteria enter the
body serious
infection can result.
If untreated body
tissue is destroyed
& can be fatal
Tinea – Fungal
infection that can
grow on skin, hair,
or nails. (ringworm)
 Tinea Capitis – on
the scalps of
children
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Tinea Corporis –
fungal infection on
the body
Tinea Cruis – (jock
itch) found on
genital area
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Tinea pedis –
(athlete’s foot)
fungus on foot &
between toes
Tinea Versicolor –
fungal infection
that causes
painless, discolored
areas on skin
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Basal Cell
Carcinoma –
malignant tumor of
basal cell layer of
epidermis. Slow
growing & rarely
spreads to other
parts of the body.
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Squamous Cell
Carcinoma –
malignant tumor of
the scaly squamous
cells of the
epithelium. Can
quickly spread to
other body systems
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Malignant
Melanoma – skin
cancer that occurs
in the melanocytes.
Most serious type
of skin cancer
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Injury to the body
tissues caused by
heat, flame,
electricity, sun,
chemicals, or
radiation. Degree of
burn is determined
by the layer of skin
involved
Biopsy – Removal of
a small piece of
living tissue for
examination to
confirm or establish
a diagnosis
 Incisional Biopsy – a
piece but not all, of
the tumor or lesion
is removed
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Excisional Biopsy –
entire tumor or
lesion & a margin
of surrounding
tissue are removed
Needle Biopsy – a
hollow needle is
used to remove a
core of tissue for
examination
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Belpharoplasty – (lid
lift), surgical
reduction of the
upper & lower eyelids
Botox – formulation
of botulinum toxin
type A, temporarily
blocks the nerve
signals to injected
muscle to reduce
frown lines
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Dermatoplasty –
(skin graft),
replacement of
damaged skin with
healthy tissue taken
from a donor site
on patient’s body