COPD Practical Aspects of Care, 2016
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Transcript COPD Practical Aspects of Care, 2016
COPD: Practical
Aspects of Care
Village Sleep Lab &
Breathing Center
Juan A. Albino, MD
751-4955
January , 2016
COPD: National Priority
3rd
leading cause of death
24 Million people have COPD
Smoking is main cause
Early diagnosis requires testing with
spirometry
Cough, phlegm, shortness of breath,
wheezing are the common symptoms
Slowly progressive, with accelerations
Smoking Cessation
Change in approach recently
Managed more as a chronic disease
Patient understanding & motivation all important
as well as overall plan & Quit Date
Combine Counseling and Medications
Approach: Long acting drugs & short acting
rescue drugs: e.g. antidepressants with nicotine
replacement lozenges
Varenicline (Chantix) can be effective but side
effects including depression
E-Cigarettes controversial
E-Cigarettes
Construction and contents vary and not
standardized
Usually nicotine is dissolved in liquid and
vaporized
Question: what other chemicals involved?
Claim: entertainment tool, not for smoking
cessation
Explosive rise in sales
Exercise or Activity
As little as 5 min /day makes a difference
Maintenance of fitness: walk 3 days/wk for
30 minutes, for increasing fitness: walk
30-60 minutes 5 days / wk
Exercise: best predictor of mortality in
both heart & lung disease
Modern evidence confirms no medication
better for heart & lung disease
Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Inactivity most powerful predictor of mortality
Pulmonary Rehabilitation: reduces dyspnea,
depression, hospitalizations & exacerbations
Increases activity, oxygen saturation, sense of
well being
Exercise: endurance involving legs, heart, lungs,
and resistance or weights involving arms
Dancing, Tai Chi, Singing, Yoga also promote
balance
But only 25% of COPD patients sent for Rehab
Medication Categories
Short Acting bronchodilators: last 4 hours
Albuterol (Pro-Air, Ventolin, Proventil), Atrovent
rescue / back up: sick, exercise, allergy
Long Acting bronchodilators: 12 hours or 24
hours, convenient, easier to use, probably the
best drugs for COPD
Nebulizer: short & long acting bronchodilators
are available and paid by Medicare Part B
Steroids over used in COPD maintenance
therapy (“Triple Therapy”)
Inhaled Medications:
Technique All Important
Proper technique for inhaler use must be
taught well and constantly reinforced
Over 70% of patients use inhalers improperly
Spacers / chambers helpful, glass best for HFAs
Nebulized drugs cheaper & easier to use
Dry powdered inhalers also easier to use
A host of recent inhalers assure better delivery
of mists but need to be learned
Question
A 70 year old patient has severe COPD
and some heart disease, and he has been
a heavy smoker and continues to smoke
He will probably die from: COPD, or Heart
Disease, or Lung Cancer?
See next slide
Question
Answer: Probably from Heart, then Cancer,
then COPD
We forget that smoking is a big risk factor
for heart disease, strokes, leg artery
obstruction, heart failure
Smoking causes over 80% of all lung
cancers, & major factor for throat, liver,
bladder, kidney, liver, stomach, colon, etc.
Causes of Death
in COPD Patients
IF Continue to Smoke:
Heart Disease: 33%
Lung Cancer: 33%
Other Cancer: 21%
Respiratory: 10%
General Severe COPD (30% smokers)
Respiratory : 27%
Heart:
26%
Cancer:
21%
Pneumonia: 10%
Other:
17%
Lung Cancer Screening
by CT Scan of the Chest
CT approved by Medicare and required by
Obamacare or the ACA
However Medicare has not outlined the
procedure for implementation yet
In general screening is for: ages 55 to 75, no
symptoms, 30 Pack Years of smoking, current
smoker or quit within the last 15 years, able to
withstand lung cancer treatment if found, shared
decision making session, no recent chest CT
Vaccinations
Influenza, inactivated, injection, yearly
Pneumococcal vaccines, protects against half of
all pneumonias
Two pneumococcal vaccines
PPSV23, PneumoVax, the old one, given once
before age 65 & once after
PCV13 or Prevnar 13, should be given once
after age 65
In general the pneumococcal vaccines should be
given about a year apart and not together
Overlap Syndromes
COPD
COPD
COPD
COPD
COPD
COPD
COPD
COPD
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
&
Heart Disease
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Sinusitis
Sleep Apnea
Depression / Anxiety
Lung Cancer
Bone / Muscle Disease
Community Care of COPD
Self care, family care, community care
Probably the best form of care
Immensely important in treating:
anxiety/depression, especially 2ary to
isolation, lack of interaction, spiritual
poverty, lack of exercise
Advocacy at the government, insurance,
hospital level
Stem Cell Treatments
At
best: a for profit experimental
procedure
At worst: fraud and abuse of
patients that are desperate
History of experimental procedures:
about one third help, one third
have no effect, and one third
hurt
Stem Cell Treatments:
6 False Hope Warning Signs
The International Society for Stem Cell
Research lists these warning signs that a
stem cell treatment is not legitimate
It makes claims based on patient
testmonials
The same stem cells are used to treat
many diseases
The source of the stem cells is not clearly
documented
Stem Cell Treatments:
6 False Hope Warning Signs
There is no clear protocol or detailed
guide to treatment
Claims that there is no risk; all medical
procedures carry risk
High cost or hidden costs; legitimate
clinical trials do not charge patients, and
may even pay them
Placebo Effect
During WWII a medic, Henry Beecher ran
out of morphine
So he gave just plain saline to wounded
soldiers hoping to calm them
To his surprise almost half experienced
significant pain relief and thanked him
In general from one third to two thirds of
people can have a placebo response
Placebo Effect
Medicine with inactive ingredients is given
to a patient
However the patients responds favorably:
subjectively and sometimes objectively
Placebo response documented for pain,
depression, anxiety, Parkinsonism, Asthma
FDA standard: new medicines must be
compared to placebo and be superior
Use of the Placebos
In past used by physicians and nurses
when drugs ran out
Used for problematic patients
Used for poor patients
But in USA placebo use, outside of a
study, considered unprofessional,
unethical, and illegal
Websites & References
American Thoracic Society: patients.thoracic.org
Global Initiative on COPD: goldcopd.com
COPD Foundation: copdfoundation.org
COPD Assessment Test (CAT);
catestonline.org/english/indexEN.htm
American Lung Association: lungusa.org
Smoking Cessation: smokefree.gov
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute:
nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/lung/copd/index.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
cdc.gov/copd
Stem Cell Clinics: Comments
October 15th, 2015: Medical News
http://journals.lww.com/neurotodayonline/Fulltext/2015/10220/Unre
gulated_Stem_Cell_Clinics_Proliferate_in_the.1.aspx
May 18th, 2015: San Jose Newspaper:
http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_28139232/stem-cellclinics-run-amok-amid-lack-regulation
Mayo Clinic: overview of stem cells:
http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/stem-cell-transplant/indepth/stem-cells/ART-20048117?pg=1
September 10, 2015: Medical Journal: Medicine’s Wild WestUnlicensed Stem Cell Clinics
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1504560?query=TOC
International Society for Stem Cell Research: Patient Handbook on
Stem Cell Therapies,
http://www.isscr.org/home/publications/patient-handbook
References: Placebo
Dr Ted Kaptchuk, Director of the Program in Placebo
Studies at Harvard Medical School:
Interview:
http://www.npr.org/2012/01/06/144794035/onescholars-take-on-the-power-of-the-placebo
Article: http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/01/theplacebo-phenomenon
Placebo Effect in Knee Surgery: YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HqGSeFOUsLI
Placebo Effect at Stanford Medical School:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udJ31KKXBKk