Transcript male reproductive system

Lecture Notes
A PowerPoint Presentation
Classroom Activity to
Accompany Medical
Terminology Systems,
Seventh Edition
Barbara A. Gylys ∙ Mary Ellen Wedding
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Male Reproductive
System
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function
•Testes
•Epididymis
•Vas deferens
•Seminal vesicles
•Ejaculatory duct
•Bulbourethral gland
•Prostate gland
•Penis
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Testes
•Located in the scrotum
•Production of sperm, the male sex cell
•Secretion of testosterone, the hormone that develops
and maintains maleness
•Epididymis
•Located on top of the testes
•Storage place for sperm before ejaculation
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Vas deferens
•Transportation of sperm from the epididymis to the
ejaculatory duct
•Seminal vesicle
•Nutrients to support sperm
•Production of approximately 60% of the seminal fluid
ejaculated during intercourse
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Ejaculatory duct
•Duct through which semen enters the urethra
•Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands)
•Production of alkaline fluid necessary for sperm
viability
•Prostate gland
•Triple-lobed organ situated at base of the bladder
•Production of an alkaline substance that protects
sperm against the acid environment of the vagina
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Penis
•Organ of copulation composed of erectile tissue
•Enclosing the urethra, the structure that expels urine
and semen from the body
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function (continued)
•Production of male sex cells (called sperm)
•Transportation of sperm to sites of fertilization
•Secretion of hormones vital to development
and maintenance of sexual characteristics
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
1. What is the purpose of the male reproductive
system?
2. What are the sperm-transporting organs?
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
1. What is the purpose of the male reproductive
system? To produce and deliver sperm to the
female reproductive tract so fertilization can
occur
2. What are the sperm-transporting organs?
The epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory
duct, and urethra
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
3. What are the accessory glands of the male
reproductive system?
4. What is the copulatory organ of the male
reproductive system?
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Structure and Function Exercise
3. What are the accessory glands of the male
reproductive system? The seminal vesicles,
prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
4. What is the copulatory organ of the male
reproductive system? The penis, which
contains erectile tissue
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
List the CF(s) for:
1. glans penis:
2. epididymis:
3. vessel; vas deferens;
duct:
4. prostate
gland:
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
List the CF(s) for:
1. glans penis:
balan/o
2. epididymis: epididym/o
3. vessel; vas deferens;
duct: vas/o
4. prostate gland:
prostat/o
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
5. seminal vesicle:
6. male:
7. perineum (area between scrotum [or vulva in
the female] and anus):
8. testis (plural, testes):
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
5. seminal vesicle: vesicul/o
6. male: andr/o
7. perineum (area between scrotum [or vulva in
the female] and anus): perine/o
8. testis (plural, testes): orch/o, orchi/o,
orchid/o, test/o
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
9. hidden:
10.spermatozoa, sperm cells:
11.dilated vein:
12.gonads, sex glands:
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Combining Forms Exercise
9. hidden: crypt/o
10.spermatozoa, sperm cells: spermat/o,
sperm/o
11. dilated vein: varic/o
12.gonads, sex glands: gonad/o
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
1. pertaining to male origin:
/o/gen/
2. condition of hidden testes: crypt/
/
3. condition of scanty sperm (production):
/o/
/ia
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
1. pertaining to male origin: andr/o/gen/ic
2. condition of hidden testes: crypt/orchid/ism
3. condition of scanty sperm (production):
olig/o/sperm/ia
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
4. discharge from the glans penis:
/o/
5. inflammation of the prostate:
/
6. condition of urine (containing) spermatozoa:
/uria
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Complete the Medical Word Exercise
4. discharge from the glans penis:
balan/o/rrhea
5. inflammation of the prostate: prostat/itis
6. condition of urine (containing) spermatozoa:
spermat/uria
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. enlargement of the prostate:
2. inflammation of the epididymis:
3. destruction of spermatozoa:
4. excision of (part of) the vas deferens:
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
1. enlargement of the prostate:
prostat/o/megaly
2. inflammation of the epididymis:
epididym/itis
3. destruction of spermatozoa: spermat/o/lysis
4. excision of (part of) the vas deferens:
vas/ectomy
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
5. resembling a male:
6. hernia of the glans penis:
7. disease of the gonads:
8. stone (calculus) of the prostate:
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
5. resembling a male: andr/oid
6. hernia of the glans penis: balan/o/cele
7. disease of the gonads: gonad/o/pathy
8. stone (calculus) of the prostate:
prostat/o/lith
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
9. pertaining to producing male(ness):
10. pertaining to sperm:
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Build Medical Words Exercise
9. pertaining to producing male(ness):
andr/o/genic
10.pertaining to sperm: sperm/ic
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions
Prostate Cancer
•Malignant neoplasm of prostatic tissue
•Most commonly an adenocarcinoma
•Risk factors
•Advanced age (usually over age 50)
•Genetic predisposition
•Commonly metastasizing to pelvic and spinal
bones
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Prostate Cancer (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
•Dysuria, hematuria, nocturia, and hesitancy
•Sometimes erectile dysfunction and painful
ejaculation
•Symptoms (if present) typically associated with the
urinary tract
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Prostate Cancer (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
(continued)
•Hip or back pain possibly present in advanced stages
•Presymptomatic tests
•Blood test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
•Periodic digital rectal examination (DRE)
•Most commonly asymptomatic at diagnosis
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Prostate Cancer (continued)
•Treatment
•Depending on stage, grade, and physical condition
and age of the patient
•Prostatectomy and removal of adjacent affected
tissues
•Hormone therapy to limit prostatic growth, including
orchidectomy and estrogen therapy
•Chemotherapy in advanced stages of the disease
•Radiation therapy to relieve metastatic bone pain
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. C. is a 50-year-old male who arrives for
his annual physical. He is concerned about
his risk of prostate cancer. How should the
physician explain the symptoms of this
disease?
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. C. is a 50-year-old male who arrives for
his annual physical. He is concerned about
his risk of prostate cancer. How should the
physician explain the symptoms of this
disease? Early stages are commonly
asymptomatic. When symptoms occur, they
include dysuria, hematuria, hesitancy,
nocturia, and, sometimes, sexual
dysfunction.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. K. is a 45-year-old patient with a history of
benign prostatic hyperplasia. He now complains
of frequent urination at night. The physician
documents this finding as
.
3. Mr. J. reports that he has been unable to urinate
for 16 hours. The physician notes a distended
bladder. Based on this finding, the physician
suspects an enlarged prostate, known as
.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. K. is a 45-year-old patient with a
history of benign prostatic hyperplasia. He
now complains of frequent urination at
night. The physician documents this finding
as nocturia.
3. Mr. J. reports that he has been unable to
urinate for 16 hours. The physician notes a
distended bladder. Based on this finding,
the physician suspects an enlarged prostate,
known as prostatomegaly.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mr. Q. has a 3-year history of prostate
cancer and wants to avoid surgery. The
physician recommends hormone therapy to
limit prostatic cell growth. The physician
prescribes a female hormone for this
treatment known as a(n) (antidiuretic,
estrogen, progesterone).
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mr. Q. has a 3-year history of prostate
cancer and wants to avoid surgery. The
physician recommends hormone therapy to
limit prostatic cell growth. The physician
prescribes a female hormone for this
treatment known as an (antidiuretic,
estrogen, progesterone).
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
Benign Prostatic
Hyperplasia (BPH)
•Nonmalignant enlarged
prostate that may affect
urine flow (See
illustration.)
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
BPH (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
•Clinically significant if the enlarging, hyperplastic
portion of the prostate obstructs urine flow
•Urinary obstruction, including hesitancy and urine
retention
•Dysuria, nocturia, dribbling, urinary frequency, weak
urine stream, or urinary or fecal incontinence
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
BPH (continued)
•Signs and symptoms
(continued)
•Hydronephrosis or
pyelonephritis in severe
cases of BPH (See illustration:
hydronephrosis and
progressive thickening of the
bladder wall and dilation of
the ureters and kidneys)
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
BPH (continued)
•Treatment
•Depends on severity of symptoms in the urinary
system
•Symptomatic treatment may include prostatic
massage, catheterization, and avoidance of caffeine
and alcohol
•Various medications to shrink the prostate or relax
the muscles in the prostate
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
BPH (continued)
•Treatment
(continued)
•Nonsurgical options to shrink or destroy excess
prostate tissue
•Transurethral microwave therapy (TUMT), using microwave
heat
•Transurethral vaporization of the prostate (TUVP), using a
high-frequency electrical current
•Transurethral needle ablation (TUNA), using radio waves
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diseases and Conditions (continued)
BPH (continued)
•Treatment
(continued)
•Surgical interventions to remove obstructing tissue
•Laser surgery
•Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. S. complains of fever, chills, and urinary
frequency and urgency. On examination, the
physician finds the prostate is soft, swollen,
and tender. The physician suspects an
inflammation of the prostate gland and
bladder, and charts a diagnosis of
.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. S. complains of fever, chills, and urinary
frequency and urgency. On examination, the
physician finds the prostate is soft, swollen,
and tender. The physician suspects an
inflammation of the prostate gland and
bladder, and charts a diagnosis of
prostatocystitis.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. H. is diagnosed with a benign tumor of
the prostate. The physician explains that
benign tumors are not cancerous or lifethreatening. However, severe cases may
lead to infection of the renal pelvis and
kidney, a condition known as (nephrosis,
nephritis, pyelonephritis).
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. H. is diagnosed with a benign tumor of
the prostate. The physician explains that
benign tumors are not cancerous or life
threatening. However, severe cases may
lead to infection of the renal pelvis and
kidney, a condition known as (nephrosis,
nephritis, pyelonephritis).
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. B. is diagnosed with BPH and asks for an
explanation of what BPH is. How should the
nurse explain BPH?
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. B. is diagnosed with BPH and asks for an
explanation of what BPH is. How should the
nurse explain BPH? BPH refers to a benign
prostatic hyperplasia. It is a nonmalignant
enlargement of the prostate gland caused
by excessive growth of prostatic tissue.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Results of Mr. F.’s pyelography indicate
urine retention and obstruction of urine flow
due to prostate enlargement. The medical
term for an accumulation of urine in the
renal pelvis is (hydrocele, hydromyoma,
hydronephrosis).
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Results of Mr. F.’s pyelography indicate
urine retention and obstruction of urine flow
due to prostate enlargement. The medical
term for an accumulation of urine in the
renal pelvis is (hydrocele, hydromyoma,
hydronephrosis).
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
1. circumcision:
2. epispadias:
3. erectile dysfunction:
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
1. circumcision: removal of all or part of the
foreskin, or prepuce, of the penis
2. epispadias: malformation in which the
urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis
3. erectile dysfunction: inability to achieve or
maintain an erection sufficient for sexual
intercourse
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
4. hydrocele:
5. hypospadias:
6. sterility:
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Vocabulary Challenge Exercise
4. hydrocele: painless accumulation of serous
fluid in the sac that contains the testes,
usually due to malabsorption of the serous
fluid
5. hypospadias: malformation in which the
urethra opens on the underside of the penis
6. sterility: inability to produce offspring,
usually due to a deficiency in semen
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
•Transurethral resection
of the prostate (TURP)
•Removal of the prostate
using a resectoscope or
electrocautery (See
illustration.)
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Medical and Surgical Procedures
(continued)
•Vasectomy and its reversal
•Surgical procedure that cuts
the vas deferens and sutures
each end to prevent sperm
from entering the epididymis,
thus preventing fertilization
•Reversal sometimes possible
using microsurgical
techniques to reattach the
ends of the severed vas
deferens (See illustration.)
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. D. arrives at the urologist’s office for a
consultation. After the birth of their third
child, he and his wife decided that he should
undergo a method of male contraception in
which the vas deferens is excised. This
surgical procedure is called
.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. D. arrives at the urologist’s office for a
consultation. After the birth of their third
child, he and his wife decided that he should
undergo a method of male contraception in
which the vas deferens is excised. This
surgical procedure is called vasectomy.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. S. sustains a severe laceration of the left
testicle in a construction accident. The
urologist advises a surgical repair of the
testicle, a medical procedure called
.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. S. sustains a severe laceration of the left
testicle in a construction accident. The
urologist advises a surgical repair of the
testicle, a medical procedure called
orchidoplasty or orchioplasty.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. K. is diagnosed with BPH. He is
scheduled for a surgical procedure that uses
a resectoscope inserted through the urethra
to chip away at the prostate. The
abbreviation for this procedure is
.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
3. Mr. K. is diagnosed with BPH. He is
scheduled for a surgical procedure that uses
a resectoscope inserted through the urethra
to chip away at the prostate. The
abbreviation for this procedure is TURP.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mr. Z. is scheduled for TURP. He asks the
physician how the procedure is performed.
How should the physician explain the
procedure?
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
4. Mr. Z. is scheduled for TURP. He asks the
physician how the procedure is performed.
How should the physician explain the
procedure? The surgeon inserts an
instrument called a resectoscope through
the urethra and uses a small loop on the
end of the resectoscope to “chip away” at
the obstructing tissue.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures
•Ultrasound of the prostate
•Insertion of an ultrasound probe via the rectum to
reveal the size and other features of the prostate
•Sometimes used to monitor the effectiveness of
cancer treatment
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•Retrograde urethrography
•Radiological test performed in males to assess the
urethra
•Introduction of a contrast medium into the bladder
using a catheter
•Evaluation of radiographs of the urethra for
abnormalities, outpouchings, fissures, and strictures
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•Vasography
•Radiological test used to diagnose or treat male
infertility
•Injection of contrast medium into the vas deferens
and ejaculatory ducts with subsequent x-ray
examination of these structures
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•Biopsy of the prostate
•Collection of several samples of prostate tissue for
microscopic evaluation
•Samples reviewed by a pathologist trained to identify
malignant tissue
•Greater cellular abnormalities shown by more
aggressive malignancies
•No cancer present or incorrect biopsy site indicated
by a negative biopsy result
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•Biopsy of the prostate
(continued)
•Three types of procedures
•Transrectal — Ultrasound probe inserted into the rectum to
guide the biopsy device to the proper site
•Transurethral — Lighted cystoscope inserted through the
urethra to allow a direct view of the prostate for biopsy
•Transperineal — Direct incision of the perineum to reveal the
prostate for biopsy
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•Digital rectal examination
(DRE)
•Physical examination of the
prostate to check the
consistency and size of the
prostate as well as lumps
or other signs of pathology
(See illustration.)
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•Semen analysis
•Laboratory test that determines the quantity of
semen produced by the male
•Evaluation of the quantity and quality of sperm
•Usually performed as one of the first tests to assess
infertility
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Diagnostic Procedures (continued)
•Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
•Blood test used to determine the level of PSA, a
substance produced by the prostate
•Elevated levels used to determine the need for further
investigation to determine the cause
•PSA levels elevated in cancer of the prostate,
prostatomegaly, and prostatitis
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
1. examination of the kidney(s):
2. endoscope used to examine the urethra:
3. Record(ing) of sound:
4. process of recording excess sound:
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
1. examination of the kidney(s): nephr/o/scopy
2. endoscope used to examine the urethra:
urethr/o/scope
3. Record(ing) of sound: son/o/gram
4. process of recording excess sound:
ultra/son/o/graphy
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
5. pertaining to across the urethra:
6. pertaining to across the rectum:
7. pertaining to across the perineum:
8. Record(ing) of the urethra:
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Build a Medical Word Exercise
5. pertaining to across the urethra:
trans/urethr/al
6. pertaining to across the rectum: trans/rect/al
7. pertaining to across the perineum:
trans/perine/al
8. Record(ing) of the urethra: urethr/o/gram
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Pharmacology
•Gonadotropins
•Spermicides
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. and Mrs. M. have been trying to
conceive for over 3 years. The physician
prescribes a hormone preparation used to
increase sperm count, known as (estrogen,
gonadotropin, testosterone).
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
1. Mr. and Mrs. M. have been trying to
conceive for over 3 years. The physician
prescribes a hormone preparation used to
increase sperm count, known as (estrogen,
gonadotropin, testosterone).
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. G.’s wife uses a method of birth control
that destroys sperm by creating a highly
acidic environment in the vagina. The name
of this agent that kills sperm is a(n)
.
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MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Clinically Related Exercise
2. Mr. G.’s wife uses a method of birth control
that destroys sperm by creating a highly
acidic environment in the vagina. The name
of this agent that kills sperm is a spermicide.
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