2016 NUR 1021 Complications of diabetes
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Transcript 2016 NUR 1021 Complications of diabetes
Long-Term Complications of
Diabetes Mellitus
Marion Technical College
NUR 1020
Spring 2016
Chronic complications of diabetes
Categories of longterm diabetic
complications
macrovascular disease
microvascular disease
Neuropathy
Hypertension -major contributing factor
especially in macrovascular and
microvascular disease
Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus
Chronic hyperglycemia damage to cells &
tissues possibly by:
1. Accumulation of damaging by-products of
glucose metabolism-sorbitol
a. Associated with damage to nerve cells
2. Formation of abnormal glucose
molecules in the basement membrane of
small blood vessels - eye and kidney
3. Derangement in red blood cell function
leads to ↓in oxygenation to tissues
Macrovascular
Macrovascular complications
Diseases of the large and medium-size
blood vessels
Occur with greater frequency and earlier
onset in people with diabetes
Macrovascular diseases
Cerebrovascular, coronary artery, and peripheral
vascular disease.
Macrovascular Changes
Atherosclerotic changes
Blood vessels thicken, sclerose & become
thickened by plaque→adheres to vessel
wall
Eventual blockage of blood vessel
Changes occur at an earlier age and more
often in the diabetic
Macroangiopathies
Cerebrovascular Effects
Glucose – stiffens the RBC’s, making platelet
aggregation easier
Leads to TIA’s and causes CVA’s
People with diabetes- 2x risk of
cerebrovascular disease
Recovery from stroke impaired if blood
glucose ↑at time of event
Macroangiopathy
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
MI- 2x as common in men & 3x as
common in women with diabetes
↑ likelihood of second MI
Ischemic symptoms may be absent
May be secondary to autonomic neuropathy
Silent MI common in DM
Macroangiopathy
Occlusive Peripheral Arterial Diseases
Occurs 2-3x more frequently in diabetics
Signs & symptoms
Decreased pulses
Intermittent claudication (pain in buttock,
thigh or calf when walking)
Gangrene & amputation – result from
severe form of arterial occlusion
Interventions for occlusive peripheral
arterial disease
Good BS control- medication compliance
Protect feet from heat and cold
Foot care:
Wash daily in warm water, dry well, inspect feet
daily (use mirror to √ bottoms)
Keep skin soft; gently smooth corns & calluses
Trim toenails straight- emery board to edges
Wear closed toe well-fitting shoes & socks – avoid
any irritation of foot
No smoking (causes vasospasm)
Check DP and PT pulses; examine feet daily
Reduction of risk factors for
Macroangiopathies
Medical nutrition therapy & exercise
Reduces obesity, HTN & hyperlipidemia
Obesity increases insulin resistance
BP control – meds and lifestyle changes
Tight BS control
↓triglyceride concentrations
↓ complications
No smoking
Microvascular Complications
Result from thickening of the vessel
membranes in the capillaries and
arterioles from chronic hyperglycemia
Areas most affected
Eyes (retinopathy)
Kidneys (nephropathy
Microvascular changes
Present in some patients with type 2
diabetes at time of diagnosis
Clinical manifestations usually do not
appear until 10 to 20 years after the
onset of diabetes
Diabetic Retinopathy
Most common cause of new cases of
blindness in people ages 20 to 74 years
Occurs in Type 1 & Type 2 diabetes
Deterioration of small blood vessels that
nourish the retina
Maintenance of blood glucose to near
normal in type 1 - decrease risk by 74%
Diabetic Retinopathy
Stages:
nonproliferative stage- results in
microaneruysms → capillary fluid leakage→
retinal edema
proliferative-most severe form- retinal
capillaries become occluded
New fragile capillaries form- hemorrhage easily
and cloud the vitreous→ loss of vision
Scar tissue also forms→ retinal detachment
Blurred vision secondary to macular edema
often occurs
Management of Retinopathy
Annual eye exam- screen for retinopathy
Laser photocoagulation
Destroys ischemic areas of the retina that produce
growth factors that encourage neovascularization
This prevents further visual loss - reduces the rate of
progression to blindness
Done as outpatient- can return to normal ADL
Control BS levels
Control hypertension
Cessation of smoking
Other eye problems in diabetes
Glaucoma -results from occlusion of the
outflow channels secondary to
neovascularization
This type of glaucoma is difficult to treat
and often results in blindness
Cataracts develop at an earlier age and
progress more rapidly in people with
diabetes
Diabetic Nephropathy
A microvascular complication
Damage to small blood vessels that supply
the glomeruli of the kidney
Leading cause of end-stage renal disease
(ESRD) in the United States
Risk of nephropathy is about the same in
patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes
Symptoms occur 10-20 yrs after diagnosis of
diabetes
Pathophysiology of nephropathy
Consistent elevation of blood glucose
for a significant period of time
Proteins leak into urine d/t stress on
filtration mechanism
Pressure in the blood vessels in kidneys
increases
Stimulates development of nephropathy
Management of Nephropathy
Monitor urine for microalbuminuria, BUN,
creatinine annually
Blood glucose control to prevent & delay
development of nephropathy
Use of ace-inhibitor drugs – delay progression
of nephropathy
Aggressive control of BP- to slow progression
of nephropathy
Other interventions for nephropathy
Decrease protein intake if indicated
(renal diet)
Low sodium diet
Avoid nephrotoxic substances
Dialysis or transplant
Diabetic Neuropathies
Nerve damage d/t metabolic
derangements from diabetes
Demyelination of nerves from
hyperglycemia
Most common types:
sensory or peripheral neuropathy
autonomic neuropathy
Peripheral Neuropathy
May involve all extremities – usually lower
Symmetrical and bilateral
Sx:
Burning pain (night)
Paresthesia & unable to feel where feet are
Decreased sensation of pain and temp - ↑ risks of
injury to feet
Foot & hand deformities r/t atrophy of small
muscles of the hands and feet
Neuropathy: neurotrophic ulceration
Management -Peripheral Neuropathy
Control of blood glucose -only
treatment for diabetic neuropathy
Medications:
Analgesics, antidepressants, Neurontin
Capsaicin- topical cream from chili peppersdepletes the accumulation of pain-mediating
chemicals in the peripheral sensory neurons
TENS units
Autonomic Neuropathies
Can affect all body systems
Three systems often involved
Cardiac
Gastrointestinal
Renal
Autonomic - Cardiovascular
Fixed tachycardia
Orthostatic hypotension
Change from a lying or sitting position
slowly to avoid fainting & injury
Painless MI
Autonomic GI Tract Neuropathy
Gastroparesis
Delayed stomach emptying and decreased
peristalsis
Anorexia, bloating, GERD, n & v
Can delay absorption of food and result
in wide swings in blood sugar
Medication: Reglan ↑motility of GI tract
Low fat diet
Autonomic – Urinary Tract Neuropathy
Neurogenic bladder with urinary
retention
Inner wall of bladder loses ability to
sense pressure
Bladder empties incompletely
Increases risk of UTI
Treatment of Urinary Tract Neuropathy
Urecholine- cholinergic agonist
Acts on nerves that innervate bladder
Antibiotics for UTI
Manual pressure q 2 hr – Crede’
Learn self-catheterization
Reproductive System Neuropathy
50% of males affected- erectile dysfunction
May have retrograde ejaculation
Fertility counseling if attempting conception
↓ libido & ↑ in vaginal infections in women
Treatment:
Meds, surgery
Increased Susceptibility to Infections
Related to high BS levels
Impairs phagocytosis by neutrophils and
monocytes
Loss of sensation (neuropathy) may
delay the detection of an infection
Treatment of infections must be prompt
and vigorous
Implications with Infection & Diabetes
Healing is slow
Related to impaired vascular supply
Not enough oxygen to tissue, nutrients,
antibodies d/t poor circulation
Infections increase the need for insulin
Often insulin is needed in the hospitalized
diabetic, even if they do not take it at home
Nursing Role
Assess for complications in the diabetic
patient r/t the cardiac, vascular and
nervous systems
Educate the patient and caregiver about
prevention and management r/t chronic
complications of diabetes