Transcript Association Areas

GPC 126
Physiological Psychology
Basic Structures and
Features of the
Central Nervous
System
Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC
METU-NCC
Spring 2017
Lecture 4
This presentation has been created to assist in the
mastery of the material contained in Chapter 2
of the text
Foundations of Physiological Psychology
by
Neil R. Carlson
All of the material contained in the presentation is
drawn from the text.
Plan for the day
1. Review of basic descriptive anatomical
terms
2. Review the structures of the Central Nervous
System (CNS)
3. Review of Basic Brain Regions and
functions
4. Review of hemispheric dominance
Some housekeeping
Night watchers
Doubtless
Finders Keepers
Mermaids
Velociraptors
Sharks
Sky Hawks
(No name reported)
Koalas
Desert Eagles
Wildwings
(No name reported)
Elephants
Dark Horse
Amigos
Queen Bees
Rough Bees
Cockroaches
Headshrinkers
Lady Leopards
Wild Westerners
Galactic Unicorns
Sleep Lovers
Rolling Pandas
No team assignment yet
Cinar, Cemre
Hagras, Sara
Siret, Ozan
Yildez, Nursel
Burak, Beyhan
Kilic, Gorkem
Senol, Aliye Derya
Topal, Gokce
Unlu, Tugba
Inan, Bilgi
Ekirdiker, Burcu
Ozturk, Sabriye Cigdem
Yassen, Noha
Adali, Zeynep Bursa
Akarsu, Ece
Atalay, R. Perim
Demir, Zeynep
Isikol, Zulal Nur
Keklikci, Evrim
Kurt, Tumay
Sonmez, Ibrahim
Some housekeeping
Assignment for 24 March: Come
to class with a list of three (3)
potential topics for your research
presentation. These will be
discussed in class next week.
But First….some housekeeping
Topics??
Chemical addiction
Alzheimer’s Disease
Attention disorders
Obesity
Anxiety disorder
Narcolepsy
Sleeping disorders
Epilepsy
Parkinson’s Disease
Bipolar disorder
Cerebral Palsy
Bell’s Palsy
Diabetic Neuropathy
Down’s Syndrome
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Disorders of hearing, sight, taste, smell or touch
Restless leg syndrome
Sleep Apnea
Stroke
Traumatic Brain Injury
Shaken Baby Syndrome Mental Retardation
Stroke
Phantom Limb
ADD-ADHD
Agnosia
Traumatic Brain injury
Dementia(s)
Autism
Depressive disorder
Eating disorders
Multiple sclerosis
Amnesia
Carpal Tunnel Synd.
Dyslexia
Migraine Headache
Huntington’s disease
Spinal injury
Tourette Syndrome
Learning Disability
Central pain Synd
Diabetic Neuropathy
New Medications
Questions…..
Comments…..
OK….let’s begin
There’s lots to
cover today…hold on!
Review of same basic terms
Central Nervous System
Review of same basic terms
Peripheral Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous
system
1. Cranial Nerves
2. Spinal Nerves
3. Peripheral Ganglia
Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerve Described
Cranial Nerves
I. Olfactory nerve
Smell
VII. Facial Nerve
II. Optic nerve
vision
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
Hearing and Balance
III. Oculomotor nerve
Eye movement/pupils
IX. Glassopharyngeal
IV. Trochlear
Eye Movement
X. Vagus Nerve
V. Trigeminal Nerve
XI. Spinal Accessory
Somatosensory..head and
neck/muscles for chewing
VI. Abducens nerve
Eye movement
Taste, somatosensory info ear and facial
expressions
Sensation of tongue and muscles used in
swallowing
Autonomic functions glands,
digestion and heart.
Muscles controlling head movement
XII. Hypoglossal Nerve
Muscles of the tongue
On Old
Olympus’
Towering
Top A
Famous
Vocal
German
Viewed
Some
Hops.
Review of same basic terms
Anatomical Directional Terms
Dorsal: Near the upper
surface..toward the
back.
Ventral: “Toward the
belly”…The Front of
the Body
Review of same basic terms
Anatomical Directional Terms
Anterior: In
front of, front
Posterior: After,
behind,
following,
toward the rear
Review of same basic terms
Anatomical Directional Terms
Proximal: Near,
closer to the origin
Distal: Away
from, farther from
the origin
Review of same basic terms
Anatomical Directional Terms
Superior:
Above, over
Inferior:
Below, under
Review of same basic terms
Anatomical Directional Terms
Lateral: Toward the side, away
from the mid-line
Medial: Toward the mid-line,
middle, away from the side
Review of same basic terms
Anatomical Directional Terms
Rostral: Toward the front
Caudal: Toward the back,
toward the tail
Spinal Cord
Divisions of the spinal cord
The are five divisions of the spinal cord,
corresponding to the different groups of
vertebrae:
Cervical: 7 vertebrae (C1-C7)
Thoracic: 12 vertebrae (T1-T12)
Lumbar: 5 vertebrae (L1-L5)
Sacral: 5 (fused) vertebrae (S1-S5)
Coccygeal: 3-5 (fused) vertebrae
(Tailbone)
Note that although there are seven cervical
vertebrae (C1-C7), there are eight cervical
nerves (C1-C8). In the diagram to the right,
the cervical nerves are the ones labeled
and the vertebra are shown in between.
Source: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/spinal_cord.html
Spinal Cord
Double layered Tube
Outer layer: White matter
Inner layer: Gray matter
Meninges: Protective
membranes
Pia mater
Arachnoid
Dura mater
Source: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/S/spinal_cord.html
Spinal
Nerves
Dermatomes
Brain Development
Movie time
Basic Brain Anatomy
When you have a bit more
time….PLEASE WATCH
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FugrcVhi2tg&list=PLAEF5C
DBE8307DE80
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NCahToUzkA
The Brain
Weight: 1.5 kg
Volume: Female 1130 cm3
Male
1260 cm3
Composition: Neurons,
Glial Cells, & blood vessels
Consumes 20% of your
daily energy
The Brain
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UukcdU258A
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMKc8nfPATI
A song for you…..la la la la la la la la la la laaaaaaaaa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYwOtTMUz0c
4 Main parts of the Brain
• The brain stem
• Cerebellum
• Limbic System
• Cerebrum
The brain stem
The brain stem
Medulla oblongata:
Heart rate, breathing, and
blood pressure
Pons:
Connects Cerebellum to the rest of the CNS and controls head
movement in response to sight and sound
Midbrain:
(mesenencephalon) Connects the cerebrum and
cerebellum to the rest of the CNS and is the reflex-center for vision, sound and
touch
Cerebellum
Responsible for
muscle
coordination
Muscle tone
Balance (ear and
body position)
Cerebellum
Smooth,
coordinated and
precise movement
Essential in motor
learning
…..building muscle
memory.
The Limbic System
The limbic system, often referred to as
the "emotional brain", is found buried
within the cerebrum. Like the
cerebellum, evolutionarily the structure
is rather old.
The Limbic System
Components of the Limbic system
1.
2.
3.
4.
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDlDirzOSI8
The Limbic System
1. Thalamus
A midline symmetrical
structure of two halves,
within the vertebrate brain,
situated between the
cerebral cortex and the
midbrain. Some of its
functions are the relaying
of sensory and motor
signals to the cerebral
cortex,
The Limbic System
2. Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is a section of the brain responsible
for hormone production. These hormones control body
temperature, thirst, hunger, sleep, circadian rhythm,
moods, sex drive, and the release of other hormones in
the body. This area of the brain controls the pituitary
gland and other glands in the body.
Regulates ANS
Fight/Flight
Rest/Digest
Homeostasis
The Limbic System
2. Hypothalamus
The Limbic System
3. Amygdala
The amygdala is involved in several functions
of the body including:
Arousal
Autonomic Responses Associated with Fear
Emotional Responses
Hormonal Secretions
Memory
The Limbic System
4. Hippocampus
Hippocampus- the portion of the cerebral
hemispheres in basal medial part of the temporal
lobe. This part of the brain is important for learning
and memory . . . for converting short term memory
to more permanent memory, and for recalling
spatial relationships in the world about us
Areas of the brain
• The brain is composed of Cerebral
Hemispheres,
Areas of the brain
• These two
hemispheres are
connected by the a
mass of connective
tissue called the
Corpus Callosum
5 Main parts of the Brain
Cerebrum
4 lobes
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Largest part of brain
cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres
• Different parts of the brain can be stimulated
electrically to see which muscles in the body
respond
• Conversely different parts of the body can be
stimulated to see which parts of the brain
show electrical activity.
• More recently MRI (magnetic resonance
imaging) has been used in brain study
Areas of the cerebrum
Areas of the cerebrum
The areas can be split into 3
groups
Sensory Areas
Motor Areas
Association Areas
Association
Motor
Sensory
Sensory area for
impulses from
eyes
cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres
•Sensory areas of the cerebral
hemispheres receive impulses from
sense organs and transmit them to the
association areas
•The association areas of the cerebral
hemispheres receive impulses interpret them in the light of similar past
experiences and transmit impulses to
motor areas….
cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres
Close your
eyes….what’s
this……??
cerebrum/cerebral hemispheres
•The motor areas transmit impulses to
the effectors
•The size of the sensory and motor
areas is related to the number of
receptors in that area
•The left and right cerebral hemispheres
control the opposite sides of the body
Sensory Homunculus
e e
ey
os
t
oes
shoulder
elb ow
wrist
b
legs
n
e
c
a
f
ne
ck
f
oot
h
ip
hand
fing e
thum rs
l eg
s
and
t hu fi nge rs
mb
ihp
tru nk
trun k
shoulder
elb ow
fo re arm
wrist
h
Mapping of the sensory & motor
areas to the body
anke
l
y
ee
ce
fa
t
oes
ls
ip
gent
a
ia
il
um
g
s
S
en
so
ry
C
o
rt
ex
jaw
M
o
o
t
r
C
o
rt
ex
jaw
tong
u
n
ow in g
sw all
che wing
ynx
abd ome
ph ar
t on
gue
ls
ip
Sensory & Motor Maps
• The maps show that regions of the body with
many sensory (or motor) neurones have
corresponding large areas of the cerebrum
linked to them.
• So for example the lips occupy a larger region
of the sensory cortex than the shoulder,
because there are more sensory neurones in
the lips.
Association Areas
• Are used to compare sensory input with previous
experiences, and make decisions
• These areas are involved in speech, understanding
and memory retrieval
• The frontal lobes are large in humans and it is
thought that they responsible for higher functions
like abstract thought, personality & emotion.
Broca’s Area
Dr. Paul Broca
1824-1880
French physician, surgeon, anatomist,
and anthropologist.
Speech Production
• The left side of the brain
• Patients with speech problems gave 1st clues about
how the brain controls language
• 1981 Dr Paul Broca described a patient who could
only say the word “tan”.
• When the patient died Broca examined the brain
and found damage to the left cerebral hemisphere
• This part of the brain is now know as Broca’s area
• Expressive aphasia
Broca’s Area
The area of the human brain associated with speech
production and named for Pierre Paul Broca
Broca’s
area
Wernicke’s Area
Dr. Carl (Karl) Wernicke
German physician, anatomist, psychiatrist
and neuropathologist.
1848-1905
Wernicke’s Area
• In 1867 Karl Wernicke noticed damage to another
region of the cortex.
• Werniche’s area is connected to Broca’s area by a
bundle of nerve fibres.
• If this was damaged the patient can understand
language but cannot repeat words.
• So Werniche’s area is concerned with
understanding language. Broca’s area is
concerned with controlling the muscles that
produce speech
• Receptive aphasia
Wernicke’s Area
Wernicke’s area
Language Comprehension
Visual Processing
• The visual sensory area is at the back of the
brain & receives sensory input from the optic
nerves
• The 2 hemispheres see slightly different
images from the opposite of the visual field,
and differences can be used to judge distance
Optic Chiasma
Lateral Dominance
The human brain is composed of
two large hemispheres that are
remarkably similar to each other in
appearance
The right cerebral hemisphere
receives sensory information and
directs movement in the left side
of the body.
The left cerebral hemisphere
receives sensory information and
directs movement in the right side
of the body.
Lateral Dominance
Why??
Efficiency…probably.
Locating a specific cognitive
function in a compact area
on one side of the brain
frees neural space for other
functions on the other, and
reduces the frequency of
transmission errors
Lateral Dominance
Right handed?
Left handed?
Lateral Dominance
90% of humans are R-handed
65% of Chimpanzees are R-handed
90% of Parrots use their left foot
Lateral Dominance
Write your name
Use scissors
Look through a telescope
Listen to a whisper or at a door
Throw a ball
Look through a hole
Drink from a cup or eat with a fork
Kick a ball
Right Brain/Left Brain Myth
Right Brain/Left Brain Myth
The ILP and Learning Styles
Individual
Learning
Profile
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOIWVo-4-lc
Summary
• Sensory areas – receive input from
receptors
• Motor areas – Origin of impulses which
bring about voluntary movements
• These receive/transmit impulses from the
opposite side of the body
• Association areas – interpret sensory
information in the light of experience
A close shave
Head Trauma
Malala Yousafzai
Cerebral
Vascular
Accident
(CVA)/Stroke
Cerebral
Vascular
Accident
http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=zXBMLSeo
mMM
(CVA)/Stroke
Aphasia: disturbance in formulation
and comprehension of language.
Cerebral
Vascular
Accident
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=5eBwn22Bnio
(CVA)/Stroke
Ataxia: A neurological condition
characterized by a gross lack of
muscular coordination.
Trauma
US Representative
Gabriella Giffords
Mark Kelly (astronaut)
and finally, some more
housekeeping
How does the brain work?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhIJbIX1_D0
Secrets of the Mind
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DAgFwn4-w4
and finally, some more
housekeeping
Please help me return the classroom to it
original condition…..
1. Take your rubbish with you……
2. Place the student desks in their original order.
Thank you…., Gracias, Merci, Danke, teşekkür
ederim,ありがとう, Asante, gratias ago vos,
Dank u, Takk skal du ha,………..
Harika!!