Transcript B. The Peloponnesian War

Chapter 10 – The Greek World
Section Notes
Greece and Persia
Sparta and Athens
Alexander the Great
Greek Achievements
History Close-up
The Parthenon
Quick Facts
Life in Sparta
Life in Athens
Chapter 10 Visual Summary
Video
Greek Philosophers and
Modern Thought
Maps
The Persian Empire
The Persian Wars
The Peloponnesian War,
c. 431-404 BC
Alexander the Great’s Empire,
c. 323 BC
Images
Persia under Darius
Phalanx
Greek Sculpture
Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates
10.1- Greece and Persia
6.4.5
The Big Idea
Over time the Persians came to rule a great empire
which eventually brought them into conflict with the
Greeks.
Main Ideas
• Persia became an empire under Cyrus the Great.
• The Persian Empire grew stronger under Darius I.
• The Persians fought Greece twice in the Persian
Wars.
I. Persia Becomes an Empire
A. Cyrus the Great
1.Cyrus the Great won independence for Persia
from the Medes, marking the beginning of the
Persian Empire.
2. Cyrus conquered many people but let them
keep their own customs.
3. This kept people from rebelling against his
strong empire.
B. The Persian Army
1. The army
was composed
of Immortals,
which were
10,000
soldiers
chosen for
their bravery
and skill.
2. The army
also had a
cavalry, a unit
of soldiers
who ride
horses.
3. Cyrus used
the cavalry to
charge at and
shoot enemies
with arrows.
4. This army
was strong
because it was
well organized
and loyal.
5. Together the
components of
the army could
defeat almost
any enemy.
II. The Persian Empire Grows Stronger
A.Political Organization
1. Within four years of Cambyses’
death, a young prince named
Darius I claimed the throne.
2. He killed all his rivals for power and
then worked to restore order in
Persia.
B. Persian Society
1. Darius organized the empire into 20 provinces, each led
by a governor called a satrap. They collected taxes,
served as judges, and put down rebellions.
2. He built many roads that connected various parts of the
empire.
3. He also built a new capital, called Persepolis.
4. During his rule a new religion arose, called
Zoroastrianism
5. This religion taught that two forces were fighting in the
universe: a good force and an evil force.
C. Persian Expansion
1. Darius expanded the empire by conquering the entire
Indus Valley.
III. The Persians Fight Greece
A. The Battle of Marathon
1. Darius was angry that the Greeks had
aided a revolt against the Persians, so he
invaded Greece in a series of battles
known as the Persian Wars.
2. Greece won these battles because it had
better weapons and more clever leaders.
B. The Second Invasion of
Greece
1. Years later, Xerxes I tried to conquer
Greece again, this time joined by the
Persian navy.
2. The Spartans slowed the Persian army at
Thermopylae, giving Greece enough time
to gain the upper hand and eventually
beat the Persians at Plataea, ending the
Persian Wars.
10.2 - Sparta and Athens
6.4.6
The Big Idea
The two most powerful city-states in Greece, Sparta and
Athens, had very different cultures and became bitter
enemies in the 400s BC.
Main Ideas
• The Spartans built a military society to provide security
and protection.
• The Athenians admired the mind and the arts in addition
to physical abilities.
• Sparta and Athens fought over who should have power
and influence in Greece.
I. Spartans Build a Military Society
A. Boys and Men in Sparta
1. Daily life in Sparta was dominated by the army, and boys were
trained from an early age to be soldiers.
2. Spartan men reached full citizenship at age 30 and could then
move back home, but they stayed in the army until they turned
60.
3. Courage, strength, self-discipline, and obedience were the most
important qualities to have.
B. Girls and Women in Sparta
1. Because men were often at war, women had more rights than
other Greek women.
2. They ran the household and owned property.
3. They also received physical training to help them bear healthy
children.
C. Government
1. Sparta was officially ruled by two kings
who jointly led the army, but elected
officials actually had more power than
the kings.
2. These officials handled dealings between
Sparta and other city-states.
3. Sparta’s government was set up to
control the city’s helots, or slaves.
II. Athenians Admire the Mind
A. Boys and Men in Athens
1. Sparta’s main rival in Greece was Athens.
2. Though they also worked to improve their bodies, they had to
devote only two years to the army.
3. They learned to read, write, count, and sing.
4. Wealthy boys continued their education with a private tutor.
5. Boys from poor families usually became farmers.
B. Girls and Women in Athens
1. Unlike boys, girls received almost no education, because men did
not think they needed to be educated.
2. Athenian women had fewer rights than women in many other citystates; in fact, they hardly had any at all.
III. Sparta and Athens Fight
A. Athenian Power
1. Sparta and Athens worked together to win the
Persian Wars.
2. After the Persian Wars, city-states formed an
alliance, which historians call the Delian
League.
3. “Alliance” means they agreed to work together.
4. Sparta formed its own alliance, called the
Peloponnesian League.
B. The Peloponnesian War
1. Sparta declared
war on Athens,
starting the
Peloponnesian
War.
2. The war lasted
for ten years
before they
decided to call a
truce.
3. The war started
up once more
when Athens tried
to expand its
empire. The
Spartans won.
4. With the defeat
of Athens, Sparta
became the most
powerful city-state
in Greece.
C. Fighting Among
the City-States
1. Other city-states
started to resent
Sparta, leading to
a period of war.
2. Control of
Greece shifted
from one city-state
to another for
years.
10.3 - Alexander the Great
6.4.7
The Big Idea
Alexander the Great built a huge empire and helped spread
Greek culture into Egypt and Asia.
Main Ideas
• Macedonia conquered Greece in the 300s BC.
• Alexander the Great built an empire that united much of
Europe, Asia, and Egypt.
• The Hellenistic kingdoms formed from Alexander’s empire
blended Greek and other cultures.
I. Macedonia Conquers Greece
A. Phillip’s Military
Strength
1. Phillip II became
king of Macedonia
and targeted
Greece for an
invasion.
2. He beat Athens,
and the rest of
Greece agreed to
make him their
leader after
seeing Athens’s
defeat.
3. Phillip was a
brilliant military
leader.
4. His soldiers fought
as a phalanx with
spears that were
longer than the
Greeks.
5. He also had a
cavalry and archers
supporting the
phalanx.
6. When Phillip died,
his throne and his
plans were passed on
to his son, Alexander.
II. Alexander Builds an Empire
A. Controlling the Greeks
1. Alexander began his rule by ending the revolt in Thebes, setting
an example to the Greeks not to rebel.
B. Building a New Empire
1. He then set out to build an empire and earned the name
Alexander the Great.
2. He went on to conquer Egypt and was crowned pharaoh without
a fight.
3. He then defeated Persia and became the ruler of the Persian
Empire.
C. Marching Home
1. Alexander wanted to push into India, but his troops were
exhausted and refused to go. He began the march home, but died
from sickness before making it back to Greece.
D. Spreading Greek Culture
1. Alexander’s empire was the largest the world had ever
seen.
2. An admirer of Greek culture, he worked to spread it
throughout his empire.
3. He encouraged Greek settlers to move to the new cities
he conquered.
4. These settlers passed along the language and culture of
Greece.
5. Alexander also encouraged people to keep their own
culture, so Greek and native customs blended. Historians
call the culture Hellenistic, or Greek-like.
III. Hellenistic Kingdoms
A. Hellenistic
Macedonia
1. After Alexander
died, his
generals fought
for power and
divided the
empire among
themselves.
2. The three
kingdoms were
Macedonia,
Greece, and
Syria.
B. Hellenistic Syria
C. Hellenistic Egypt
1. Macedonia had
the weakest
government and
had to put down
Greek revolts.
1. Each empire
was eventually
taken over by the
Romans.
2. Syria was
weakened by
rebellions.
3. Egypt,
especially
Alexandria,
became a great
cultural center.
10.4 - Greek Achievements
The Big Idea
Ancient Greeks made lasting contributions in the arts,
philosophy, and science.
Main Ideas
• The Greeks made great contributions to the arts.
• The teachings of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are the
basis of modern philosophy.
• In science, the Greeks made key discoveries in math,
medicine, and engineering.
6.4.8
I. The Arts
A. Statues and Paintings
1. Greek statues look as though they could come to life at any
time, because Greek artists wanted to show how beautiful
people could be.
2. Greek paintings are known for their realism and detail.
B. Greek Architecture
1. The Greeks made temples with rows of tall columns rounded
in the middle so they appear perfectly straight.
2. The Parthenon was their most impressive temple.
C. New Forms of Writing
1. The Greeks excelled at writing.
2. They created dramas, or plays.
– The Greeks were the first to write about history.
II. Philosophy
A. Socrates
1. Socrates taught by asking questions, a technique we call
the Socratic method.
2. He wanted people to question their beliefs and look for
knowledge. This angered and frightened people.
3. He was arrested and condemned to death for questioning
the authority of the gods.
4. Plato and Aristotle followed after Socrates in their pursuit
for knowledge and deeper understanding.
Plato and Aristotle
B. Plato
C. Aristotle
1. Plato had been a
student of Socrates.
1. Aristotle was Plato’s
student.
2. Plato created a school,
the Academy, to
discuss ideas.
2. He taught about living
life in moderation, or
balance.
3. He also wrote The
Republic, which
described his ideal
society.
3. He believed moderation
was based on reason,
or clear and ordered
thinking.
III. Science
A. Mathematics
1. Euclid spent his life studying mathematics,
especially geometry.
B. Medicine and Engineering
1. Greek doctors studied the human body to
understand how it worked.
2. Hippocrates was a Greek doctor known for his ideas
about how doctors should behave.
3. Engineers like Archimedes made great discoveries,
such as the water screw, which brought water to
the fields.
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