Integrated Abdominal Examination Review and Post-Op OMT
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Transcript Integrated Abdominal Examination Review and Post-Op OMT
Rebecca L. Alsip, D.O.
Charlotte A. Ebner, D.O.
VCOM Carolinas
September 18, 2012
Demonstrate in the correct order an abdominal
exam on a patient which includes the following:
Observation/Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation
Describe the autonomic innervation to the lower
GI tract.
Integrate a complete osteopathic approach for a
patient with post-op atelectasis and ileus which
includes both abdominal and structural exam and
findings.
Demonstrate on your partner the OMM
techniques taught for post-op atelectasis and
ileus.
Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation
Special
Tests
Inspection
Symmetry
Contours
Jaundice
Cyanosis
Erythema
Bruising
Striae
Ascites
Scars
Masses/Hernias
Movement
Auscultation
Normal
Decreased
(peritonitis)
Increased
(gastroenteritis)
High-pitched, tinkling
(early obstruction)
Decreased/absence
No sounds in 5 minutes
Bruits
Percussion
Percuss all four
quadrants
Assess for increased
gas or ascites
Assess for size of
organs
Liver – midclavicular
line in RUQ
Spleen – midaxillary
line in LUQ
Palpation
Detect organ size,
muscle spasms,
masses, fluid and
tenderness
Start light in all 4
quadrants, then
advance to
moderate and deep
palpation
Rebound
Guarding
Special Tests
McBurney’s Point
Murphy’s Sign
RUQ (pain on palpation
during inspiration)
Rovsing’s Sign
RLQ (1/3 distance from
ASIS, 2/3 distance from
umbilicus)
LLQ (pain in RLQ on
palpation of LLQ)
Iliopsoas Test
Somatic Dysfunctions
Chapman Points
Abdominal collateral
ganglia
Stomach
Acidity – EG junction – left 5th intercostal space
Peristalsis – left 6th intercostal space
Pylorus
– anywhere along center portion of
sternum
Liver – right 5th and 6th intercostal spaces
Gallbladder – right 6th intercostal space
Pancreas – right 7th intercostal space
Small Intestine – right 8th-10th intercostal
spaces
Appendix – distal tip of right 12th rib
Colon – along iliotibial bands
Sympathetics
Greater Splanchnic Nerve T5-9 – Celiac Ganglion
Lesser Splanchnic Nerve T10-11 – Superior Mesenteric
Ganglion
Distal Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Ascending Colon,
Proximal 2/3 of Transverse Colon
Least Splanchnic Nerve T12-L2 – Inferior Mesenteric
Ganglion
Distal Esophagus, Stomach, Liver, Gallbladder, Proximal
Duodenum and portions of Pancreas
Distal 1/3 of Transverse Colon, Descending Colon,
Sigmoid Colon, Rectum
Parasympathetics
Vagus Nerve: Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine,
Ascending Colon, Transverse Colon
Sacral nerves S2-4: Descending Colon, Pelvic organs
Chief
Complaint
History of Present Illness
Onset, Provocation/Palliation, Quality,
Radiation, Severity, Timing
PMH/PSH
Medications/Allergies
Family
History
Social History
REVIEW OF SYSTEMS
Vital signs
Cardiovascular
Pulmonary
ABDOMINAL EXAM
Rectal exam if indicated
Use of stool guaiac card
Differential Diagnosis
(minimum of 3)
Plan
Diet/lifestyle modifications?
Imaging? Labs?
Medications?
REASSURANCE!
Always introduce yourself to the patient
Wash your hands
Drape the patient appropriately
Always listen to the heart and lungs
Fully expose the abdomen
Arms at side with legs flat, if possible
Examine painful area last
Always give your patient an explanation in non-medical
terms, a plan and follow up instructions
PRACTICE TIME!
Atelectasis
Ileus
Wound infection
Pneumonia
Renal Failure
Peritonitis
Empyema
ARDS
Peritonitis
Incomplete expansion of the lungs due to alveolar
collapse
Most frequent pulmonary complication after surgery
Natural response of patient after surgery is abdominal
wall splinting and shallow breathing
This prevents full diaphragmatic excursion, so alveoli at
the lung bases are not expanded, decreasing oxygen
exchange in these areas
Clinical
presentation
Low O2 saturation
Increased respiratory rate
Respiratory distress
Increased respiratory secretions
Decreased mental status
Acidotic
Treatments
Incentive Spirometer
Oxygen for hypoxemia
CPAP for increased
respiratory effort
Mucolytics/suctioning
for respiratory
secretions
Bronchodilators for
bronchospasm
OMT!
Treatment
Regions
OA: Muscle energy, suboccipital inhibition
C3-5: Counterstrain, Soft tissue
Diaphragm: Myofascial release
Ribs: Rib raising
Pt supine, D.O. sitting at head
Form a “V” with thumb and index finger on the
transverse processes of the atlas, other hand grasping
the head and engage the restrictive barrier (all 3)
Instruct pt to straighten head, while D.O. provides
counterforce, hold 3-5 seconds
Have pt relax 2-3 seconds, re-engage the new
restrictive barrier, and repeat 3-4 times, each time
re-engaging the new restrictive barrier
Objective: decrease
suboccipital muscle
tone
D.O. at head of table;
patient supine
Pads of fingers just
beneath superior
nuchal line in the
suboccipital tissues
Lift head slightly so its
entire weight is
supported on fingers
Can apply a slight
traction
Hold until a softening
of tissues is noted
Functional
inhibition of propulsive bowel
motility
Thought to be due to 3 pathways
Due to visceral sensory afferents in the
splanchnic and pelvic nerves that increase
inhibitory sympathetic activity in the GI tract
Post-operatively due to an inflammatory
response from intestinal manipulation during
surgery that results in muscle dysfunction
Inhibitory neurotransmitters such as nitric oxide
and substance P slow gut motility
Clinical
presentation
Abdominal distention
Diffuse abdominal pain
Nausea and/or vomiting
Inability to pass flatus or stool
Inability to tolerate PO diet
MUST
rule out mechanical small bowel
obstruction, as this may require surgical
intervention
Imaging, such as KUBs or abdominal CT scans,
will help differentiate between the two
Treatments
Keep patient NPO (“nil per os” – nothing by
mouth)
Start IV fluids
NG tube placement if persistent vomiting or
abdominal distention to decompress the stomach
Limit opioid pain medications due to constipation
OMT!
Treatment
Regions
OA: Vagus nerve
S2-4: Pelvic splanchnic nerves
T10-11: Superior mesenteric ganglion
T12-L2: Inferior mesenteric ganglion
Abdominal mesenteries
Colonic milking
Sacral Rocking
Thoracolumbar Supine Soft Tissue
Remove somatic dysfunction
Stimulate or relax tissues
Reduce tissue edema or congestion
Remove or modify pain
Permit compensation
Allow treatments in other parts of the body unit to be
more effective
Improve immune function
Improve respiration by improving soft tissue
diaphragm function
Positive to negative pressure gradients=better transfer of
gases
OA
OA
C3-5
Sacral
Doming
the
Diaphragm
Rib raising
rocking
Thoracolumbar
soft tissue
Collateral ganglion
release
Mesenteric release
Colonic milking
References
Cashen, Constance; Ross, Sydney. “Chapter 27, General
Surgery”. Foundations for Osteopathic Medicine, 2nd
Edition. Ward, DO, Robert C., Exec. Editor, Lippincott
Williams and Wilkins (2003), p. 399-407
CCOM Faculty. Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine.
OMM/CCOM Procedure Manual. 2006.
Dorland’s Pocket Medical Dictionary, 26th Edition.
W.B.Saunders Company (2001), p. 91, 424.
Johnson, MD, Michael, Conde, MD, Michelle. “Overview
of the management of postoperative pulmonary
complications.” UpToDate, www.uptodate.com, July
2012.
Kidz Medical Services. http://www.kidzmedical.com/k-id-z/a.html#atelectasis
Litkouhi, MD, Babak. “Postoperative ileus.” UpToDate,
www.uptodate.com, August 2012.