Transcript The Delian League - Curwensville Area School District

Chapter 3
Classical and Hellenistic Greece
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The Winged Victory of Samothrace. This is one of the
great masterpieces of Hellenistic sculpture. It appears to
be the work of the Rhodian sculptor Pythokritos, about
200 B.C.E. The statue stood in the sanctuary of the
Great Gods on the Aegean island of Samothrace on a
base made in the shape of a ship’s prow. The goddess
is seen as landing on the ship to crown its victorious
commander and crew. The Nike of Samothrace,
goddess of victory. Marble figure (190 b.c.e.) from
Rhodos, Greece. 328 cm in height, MA 2369, Louvre,
Dpt. des Antiquités Grecques/Romaines, Paris, France.
Photograph © Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY
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The Delian League
From 478 B.C.E., Greeks led by
Athens moved against Persia
Aim of the Delian League was to free
all Greeks under Persian rule and
sack Persian lands for compensation
Forerunner of Athenian Empire
Persians driven from Europe and
Aegean cleared of pirates
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The Delian League (cont.)
Leadership of Cimon
Accepted democratic constitution of
Clisthenes
Gained popularity for military successes
against Persia and friendly relations with
Sparta
Replaced by Pericles
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Map 3–1 CLASSICAL GREECE Greece in the
Classical period (ca. 480–338 B.C.E.) centered on the
Aegean Sea. Although there were important Greek
settlements in Italy, Sicily, and all around the Black Sea,
the area shown in this general reference map embraced
the vast majority of Greek states.
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The First Peloponnesian War
(ca. 460–445 B.C.E.)
Athens vs. Sparta
Early Athenian dominance
449 B.C.E., Athens ends war with
Persia
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The First Peloponnesian War
(ca. 460–445 B.C.E.)
445
B.C.E.,
Thirty Years’ Peace
Athens gives up mainland possessions
outside Attica
Sparta recognizes Athenian Empire
Spartan hegemony on land, Athenian
hegemony on Aegean
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Map 3–2 THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE ABOUT 450 B.C.E.
The Athenian Empire at its fullest extent shortly before
450 B.C.E. We see Athens and the independent states
that provided manned ships for the imperial fleet, but
paid no tribute; dependent states that paid tribute; and
states allied to, but not actually in, the empire.
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The Athenian Empire
From alliance to empire
Athens kept one-sixtieth of Delian
League’s revenues
Lands ringing Aegean
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An Athenian silver four-drachma coin (tetradrachm)
from the fifth century B.C.E. (440–430 B.C.E.). On the
front (left) is the profile of Athena and on the back (right)
is her symbol of wisdom, the owl. The silver from which
the coins were struck came chiefly from the state mines
at Sunium in southern Attica. Hirmer Fotoarchiv
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Athenian Democracy
Under Pericles, freest government
yet
No more class restrictions on
archonship
Citizenship limited to those men with
two Greek parents
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Athenian Democracy (cont.)
Popular assembly approves all
decisions
Popular court judiciary
No standing army or police force
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Pericles (ca. 495–429 B.C.E.) was the
leading statesman of Athens for much of
the fifth century. This is a Roman copy in
marble of the Greek bronze bust that was
probably cast in the last decade of Pericles’
life. Library of Congress
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Court in Athens
Justice placed in hands of citizens
No lawyers and no judge
Cases decided by jury of as many as
1,501 members
Simple majority decided verdict
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Participants in an Athenian trial could speak for only a
limited time. A water-clock (Clepsydra) like this kept the
time. The Granger Collection, NYC—All rights reserved
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Women
Excluded from most aspects of public
life, controlled by men in private
sphere
Responsibility of woman to produce
male heirs for oikos—household
Contrast between real life vs. myth
and drama
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Women (cont.)
Aspasia
Companion of Pericles
Assertive and well-respected in Greek
intellectual circles
Treated better than most any woman of
the time
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The Acropolis was both the religious and civic center of
Athens. In its final form it is the work of Pericles and his
successors in the late fifth century B.C.E. This
photograph shows the Parthenon and to its left the
Erechtheum. © nagelestock.com/Alamy
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Slavery
Chattel slavery rare at first, but
began to increase around 500 B.C.E.
Worked on farms, in mines
Liberation of slaves was common
Slavery based not on racist ideology
but military prowess
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Slavery (cont.)
In 406 B.C.E. Athenians released all
slaves of military age and granted
citizenship to those who would fight
in an ongoing war
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Religion in Public Life
Participating in religious life was a
matter of patriotism and good
citizenship
Acting against religious beliefs was
akin to an act against the state
Merciless punishments for
blasphemies
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The Great Peloponnesian War
(432–404 B.C.E.)
Corcyra-Corinth dispute
Sparta refuses to arbitrate dispute
with Athens, essentially insisting on
armed conflict
Peloponnesian League vs. Athenian
Empire
Athenian naval disaster ensues after
ill-conceived invasion of Sicily
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The Great Peloponnesian War
(432–404 B.C.E.)
Thucydides: naval leader, historian
Persia aids Sparta, Athenian subject
states rebel
Athenian Empire dismantled 404
B.C.E.
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Struggle for Leadership Among
Greek States (404–338 B.C.E.)
Spartan Hegemony
Athenian leadership briefly replaced by
Spartan
Continuing intermittent conflict with
Persia
Thebes and recovered Athens ally
against Sparta in two wars
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Struggle for Leadership Among
Greek States (404–338 B.C.E.)
Theban Hegemony
Conflicts with Sparta and reborn
Athenian Empire
Greeks weakened by two centuries of
internal warfare
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Classical Greek Culture
Athenian Golden Age—between
Persian & Peloponnesian wars
Arts & letters inspired by creative
tension:
Greek pride vs. fear of overreaching
(hubris vs. nemesis)
Individual vs. society
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Drama and Architecture
Attic tragedy—Aeschylus, Sophocles,
Euripides
Buildings like the Acropolis honored
the greatness of Greek civilization
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The three orders of Greek architecture, Doric, Ionic, and
Corinthian, have had an enduring impact on Western
architecture.
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The theater at Epidaurus was built in the fourth century
b.c.e. The city contained the Sanctuary of Asclepius, a
god of healing, and drew many visitors who packed the
theater at religious festivals. Hirmer Fotoarchiv
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This storage jar (amphora), made about 540 B.C.E., is
attributed to the anonymous Athenian master artist
called the Amasis painter. It shows Dionysus, the god of
wine, revelry, and fertility, with two of his ecstatic female
worshippers called maenads. Bibliotheque Nationale de
France—Paris/The Bridgeman Art Library International
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Philosophy
Same humanistic focus as in art and
architecture
Parmenides, Zeno: reality is fixed
and unchanging, change is illusory
Empedocles: four basic elements:
fire, water, earth, air
Atomist theory: atoms as smallest
units of matter
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Philosophy
Materialism vs. idealism
Sophists received pay for teaching
rhetoric, dialectic, and argumentation
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Philosophy (cont.)
Socrates (469–399
B.C.E.)
Dialectical method
399 B.C.E., put to death for bringing
new gods into the city and corrupting
the youth
Plato (429–347
B.C.E.)
Student of Socrates; first systematic
philosopher
Founded the Academy in Athens
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Philosophy (cont.)
Aristotle (384–322
B.C.E.)
Student of Plato; interest in biology
Tutored young Alexander the Great
Founded the Lyceum
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Map 3–3 ANCIENT ATHENS This sketch locates some
of the major features of the ancient city of Athens that
have been excavated and are visible today. It includes
monuments ranging in age from the earliest times to the
period of the Roman Empire. The geographical relation
of the Acropolis to the rest of the city is apparent, as is
that of the Agora, the Areopagus (where the early
council of aristocrats met), and the Pnyx (site of
assembly for the larger, more democratic meetings of
the entire people).
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The Erechtheum: Porch of the Maidens The
Erechtheum, located on the north side of the Acropolis
of Athens, was a temple to the goddess Athena in her
oldest form as Athena Polias, the protector of the city. It
was built between 421 and 407 B.C.E., probably to
replace an older temple the Persians had destroyed in
480. Roy Rainford/Robert Harding/Getty Images
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The Erechtheum: Porch of the Maidens The
Erechtheum, located on the north side of the Acropolis
of Athens, was a temple to the goddess Athena in her
oldest form as Athena Polias, the protector of the city. It
was built between 421 and 407 B.C.E., probably to
replace an older temple the Persians had destroyed in
480. Steve Allen/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images
The Western Heritage, Eleventh Edition
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The Erechtheum: Porch of the Maidens The
Erechtheum, located on the north side of the Acropolis
of Athens, was a temple to the goddess Athena in her
oldest form as Athena Polias, the protector of the city. It
was built between 421 and 407 B.C.E., probably to
replace an older temple the Persians had destroyed in
480.
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The striding god from Artemisium is a bronze statue
dating from about 460 B.C.E. It was found in the sea
near Artemisium, the northern tip of the large Greek
island of Euboea, and is now on display in the Athens
Archaeological Museum. Exactly whom he represents is
not known. Some have thought him to be Poseidon
holding a trident; others believe he is Zeus hurling a
thunderbolt. In either case, he is a splendid
representative of the early Classical period of Greek
sculpture. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY
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The Hellenistic World
Three-century expansion of Greek
culture through Mediterranean & Asia
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This freestanding statue of the
Charioteer of Delphi is one of the
few full-scale bronze sculptures
that survive from the fifth century
B.C.E. Polyzalos, the tyrant of the
Greek city of Gela in Sicily,
dedicated it after winning a victory
in the chariot race in the Pythian
games, either in 478 or 474. The
games were held at the sacred
shrine of the god Apollo at Delphi,
and the statue was placed within
the god’s sanctuary, not far from
Apollo’s temple.
The Charioteer of Delphi.
Dedicated by Polyzalos of Gela
for a victory either in 478 or 474
B.C.E. Greek (Classical). Bronze,
180 cm in height. Archaelogical
Museum, Delphi, Greece.
Photograph © Nimatallah/Art
Resource, NY
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Macedonian Conquest
Philip of Macedon (r. 359–336 B.C.E.)
Conquest of Greece, 338 B.C.E.
(Athens under Demosthenes)
League of Corinth—formed to invade
Persia under Philip
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III (356–323 B.C.E.)
Took power at 20
Conquered Egypt and Persian
Empire, to India
Vast Persian treasury released to
economic advantage
Died of illness at 33
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Map 3–4 ALEXANDER’S CAMPAIGNS The route
taken by Alexander the Great in his conquest of the
Persian Empire, 334 to 323 B.C.E. Starting from the
Macedonian capital at Pella, he reached the Indus
Valley before being turned back by his own restive
troops. He died of fever in Mesopotamia.
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Alexander’s Successors
Ptolemy I, founder of Egyptian
dynasty ending in 30 B.C.E. with
death of Cleopatra
Seleucus I, founder of Mesopotamian
Seleucid Dynasty
Antigonus I, founder of Antigonid
Dynasty in Asia Minor & Macedon
Economic pressures fostered class
conflicts which weakened Greek unity
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Hellenistic Culture
Macedonian conquest ended Greek
independence and the central role of
the polis
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One of the masterpieces of Hellenistic sculpture, the
Laocoön. This is a Roman copy. According to legend,
Laocoön was a priest who warned the Trojans not to
take the Greeks’ wooden horse within their city. This
sculpture depicts his punishment. Great serpents sent
by the goddess Athena, who was on the side of the
Greeks, devoured Laocoön and his sons before the
horrified people of Troy. Interfoto/Alamy
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Hellenistic Culture (cont.)
Philosophy (Athens)
Epicureanism—life of withdrawn
happiness possible through reason
Stoicism
• Founded by Zeno
• Aim of humans is the virtuous life, lived
in accordance with natural law
• Divine reason, the guiding principle of
nature: Logos
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Hellenistic Culture (cont.)
Alexandria, Egypt—great center of
learning under Ptolemies; museum,
library
Euclid: plane & solid geometry
Archimedes: geometry
Astronomy: heliocentric theory of the
solar system (minority view)
Eratosthenes: geographer
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A page from On Floating Bodies. Archimedes’ work was
covered over by a tenth-century manuscript, but
ultraviolet radiation reveals the original text and
drawings underneath.
The Archimedes Palimpsest (pen & ink on vellum)
Greek School/Private Collection/Photo © Christie’s
Images/The Bridgeman Art Library
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Map 3–5 THE WORLD ACCORDING TO
ERATOSTHENES Eratosthenes of Alexandria (ca.
275–195 B.C.E.) was a Hellenistic geographer. His map,
reconstructed here, was remarkably accurate for its
time. The world was divided by lines of “latitude” and
“longitude,” thus anticipating our global divisions.
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