Transcript File

Chapter 16 Lecture
Health The Basics
Tenth Edition
Making Smart Health
Care Choices
Self-Help or Self-Care
• Common forms of self-care include
– Diagnosing symptoms or conditions that occur
frequently but may not require physician visits (e.g.,
the common cold, minor abrasions)
– Using over-the-counter (OTC) remedies to treat minor
pains, scrapes, stomach upsets, or cold or allergy
symptoms
– Performing monthly breast or testicular selfexaminations
– Learning first aid
– Checking vital signs: blood pressure, pulse, and
temperature
– Using home pregnancy tests and ovulation kits
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When to Seek Help
• You should consult a physician if you experience any of
the following:
– A serious accident or injury
– Sudden or severe chest pains, especially if they cause breathing
difficulties
– Trauma to the head or spine accompanied by persistent
headache, blurred vision, loss of consciousness, vomiting,
convulsions, or paralysis
– Sudden high fever or recurring high temperature (over 102°F for
children and 103°F for adults) and/or sweats
– Tingling sensation in the arm accompanied by slurred speech or
impaired thought processes
– Adverse reactions to a drug or insect bite (shortness of breath,
severe swelling, or dizziness)
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When to Seek Help (cont.)
• Also contact a physician if you experience:
– Unexplained bleeding or loss of body fluid from any
body opening
– Unexplained sudden weight loss
– Persistent or recurrent diarrhea or vomiting
– Blue-tinted lips, eyelids, or nail beds
– Any lump, swelling, thickness, or sore that does not
subside or that grows for over a month
– Any marked change or pain in bowel or bladder habits
– Yellowing of the skin or the whites of the eyes
– Any symptom that is unusual and recurs over time
– Pregnancy
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Types of Health Care Providers
• Osteopath
– Emphasis on the skeletal and muscular systems; may use spinal
manipulation as part of treatment
• Ophthalmologist
– Physician who specializes in the medical and surgical care of the eyes,
including prescriptions for lenses
• Optometrist
– Eye specialist whose practice is limited to prescribing and fitting lenses
to correct vision problems
• Dentist
– Physician who diagnoses and treats diseases of the teeth, gums, and
oral cavities
• Orthodontist- specializes in alignment of teeth
• Periodontist- treat diseases of the gums and other tissues surrounding the teeth.
• Oral surgeons- perform surgical procedures to correct problems of the mouth, face
and jaw
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Types of Health Care Providers (cont.)
• Nurse
– Health professional who provides patient care in a
variety of settings
• Nurse Practitioner (NP)
– Nurse with advanced training obtained through either a
master's degree program or a specialized nurse
practitioner program
• Physician Assistant (PA)
– Health care practitioner trained to handle most routine
care under the supervision of a physician
• Allied Health Professional
– Health care professionals other than doctors, nurses,
dentists, or podiatrists who work in a diverse range of
fields; e.g., physical therapists
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Assessing Health Professionals
• When selecting a physician, consider the following
questions:
– What professional education and training have they had?
– Are they affiliated with an accredited medical facility or
institution?
– Are they open to complementary or alternative strategies?
– Do they indicate clearly how long a given treatment may last,
what side effects you might expect, and what problems you
should watch for?
– Are their diagnoses, treatments, and general statements
consistent with established scientific theory and practice?
– Do they make alternative arrangements for your care when on
vacation or off call?
– Do they listen, respect you as an individual, and give you time to
ask questions? Do they return your calls, and are they available
to answer questions?
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Participating in Your Health Treatment
• Being prepared for your appointment and
asking the right questions allows you to
work in partnership with your health care
practitioner.
– If it helps, write down your questions before
the appointment.
• Active participation in your treatment is
sensible in an environment that
encourages defensive medicine, in which
practitioners take certain actions to avoid a
malpractice claim.
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Your Patient Rights
• The right of informed consent
• The right to know whether the treatment you are
receiving is standard or experimental
• The right to privacy
• The right to receive care
• You are entitled to have access to all of your
medical records.
• You have the right to seek the opinions of other
health care professionals regarding your
condition.
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Choosing Health Products
• Prescription Drugs
– Common prescription drugs include antidepressants and
antianxiety drugs, hormonal contraceptives, weight-loss aids,
and antibiotics.
– Generic drugs are medications marketed by chemical names
rather than brand names.
• Over-the-Counter (OTC) Drugs
– Most commonly used are analgesics; medications for cough,
cold, and allergy symptoms; stimulants; sleeping aids; weightloss aids; laxatives; and antacids.
– Indiscriminate use and abuse of an OTC can occur.
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Health Insurance
• Policyholders pay premiums into a pool, which is
held in reserve until needed.
• When you need health care, the insurance
company pays out of the pool, regardless of your
total contribution.
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Private Health Insurance
• Companies employ the following
mechanisms to limit potential losses:
– cost sharing
• Deductibles- payments you make for health care
services before insurance coverage kicks in the pay.
• Co-payments- set amounts that you pay per service
received, regardless the cost of the service.
• Coinsurance- the % of costs that you must pay
based on the terms of your policy.
– “preexisting condition” clauses
– waiting periods
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Managed Care
• There are three types of managed care
plans
– Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs)
• Usually the least expensive form of managed care,
but most restrictive
– Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs)
• Networks of independent doctors and hospitals
that contract to provide care at discounted rates
– Point of Service (POS)
• A hybrid of HMOs and PPOs
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Government-Funded Programs
• Medicare
– A federal insurance program that covers 99% of people over age
65, all totally and permanently disabled people (after a waiting
period), and all people with end-stage kidney failure.
– To control costs, diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) were
established, and if a cost is lower than the DRG cost, the
hospital can keep the difference, but if it is higher, then the
hospital absorbs the difference.
• Medicaid
– Funded jointly by federal and state funds.
– Covers approximately 58 million low-income people, including
many who are pregnant, blind, disabled, elderly, or eligible for
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.
• The Children's Health Insurance Plan
– Provides health insurance to more than 5 million uninsured
children and is funded jointly by federal and state funds.
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Issues Facing Today's Health Care System
(cont.)
• Access
– Access to health care is determined by
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Supply of providers and facilities
Proximity to care
Ability to maneuver the system
Health status
Insurance coverage
• Consolidated Omnibus Budget
Reconciliation Act (COBRA)
– Act allows former employees, retirees, spouses, and
other dependents to continue coverage at higher
group rates
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OBAMA CARE
• According to the latest number there are forty four million Americans
without health care coverage. This is due to the cost or to the
availability of health insurance.
The Problems
• The first is that every American must have insurance or pay a
penalty.
• Another problem is that no one really understands what this program
is all about.. You can visit this web site by going to healthcare.gov.
The Benefits
• The biggest thing that Obama Care does is that if you work for a
company that does not offer health care insurance, you can now get
it. This is great for those that do not have health insurance available.
• It also has different options for those that fall into the low income
demographic. So how many benefits Obama Care offers depends
on your circumstances.
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Chapter 16 Lecture
Health The Basics
Tenth Edition
Understanding
Complementary and
Alternative Medicine
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
• Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
is a group of diverse medical and health care
systems, practices, and products that are not
considered part of conventional medicine.
• Complementary medicine is used along with
conventional medicine
• alternative medicine is used in place of
conventional medicine.
• CAM therapies incorporate a holistic approach
that focuses on treating the mind and the whole
body.
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The 10 Most Common CAM Therapies
among U.S. Adults
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Who Uses CAM?
• More women than men
• People who are seeking a more natural, gentle
approach to healing.
• More people with higher educational levels
• More people who have been hospitalized in the past
• Former smokers (compared with current smokers or
those who have never smoked)
• People with back, neck, head, or joint aches or
other painful conditions
• People with gastrointestinal disorders or sleeping
problems
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Diseases and Conditions for Which CAM Is
Most Frequently Used among Adults
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Types of Complementary and Alternative
Medicine
• Integrative medicine is practice that combines
conventional medicine with complementary and alternative
therapies.
• Whole medical systems are complete systems of theory
and practice that have evolved over time in various
cultures.
• Manipulative and body-based practices are based on
manipulation or movement of one or more body structures.
• Energy medicine involves the use of energy fields.
• Mind-body medicine uses a variety of techniques to
enhance the mind's ability to affect bodily function and
symptoms.
• Natural products are based on substances found in
nature.
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Types of Complementary and Alternative
Medicine
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ALTERNATIVE MEDICAL SYSTEMS
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Traditional Chinese Medicine
Ayurveda
Homeopathy
Naturopathy
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Traditional Chinese Medicine
• Ancient comprehensive system of healing that
uses herbs, acupuncture, and massage
• Goal is to bring the body into balance and to
remove blockages of vital energy flow that lead
to disease.
• Emphasizes the proper balance of qi, or chi, the
vital energy or life force.
• Diagnosis is based on personal history,
observation of the body, palpitation, and pulse
diagnosis.
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Ayurveda
• A comprehensive system of medicine, originating in
ancient India
• Places equal emphasis on the body, mind, and spirit and
strives to restore the body's innate harmony through diet,
exercise, meditation, herbs, massage, sun exposure,
and controlled breathing.
• Techniques include questioning, observation,
examination, and classifying patients into one of three
doshas (body types) before establishing a treatment
plan.
• Goal is to eliminate body impurities and reduce
symptoms.
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Homeopathy
• Unconventional Western system of
medicine based on the principle that
"like cures like."
• It involves the administration of minute
doses of a substance that in large doses
would produce symptoms of an illness, but
in small doses, can provide a cure.
• Homeopathic physicians use natural
substances in extremely diluted forms to
kill infectious agents or ward off illnesses.
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Naturopathy
• System of medicine that originated in Europe
• Views disease as a manifestation of alterations in the
body's natural healing processes.
• Emphasizes health restoration as well as disease
treatment.
• Healing practices include
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diet and clinical nutrition
homeopathy
acupuncture
herbal medicine
hydrotherapy
spinal and soft tissue manipulation
physical therapies
pharmacology
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