Transcript File - Mrs. Chandler Health Science Academy

History
Of
Medicine &
Pharmacy
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Ancient Beliefs and Treatments
Medicine has been practiced for
thousands of years
Supernatural Beliefs - severe
illnesses caused by evil spirits
Natural Beliefs - Remedies such as
herbals have been used
throughout history
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Ancient Beliefs and Treatments
(Continued)
Many popular beliefs have disappeared,
for example, trephining—a cut made
into the skull to give disease a portal to
leave through
Tribal shamans (medicine men) had gift
of being able to communicate with
spirits
Bloodletting
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The Medical Staff
Aesculapius: Greek God
of medicine
His symbol: a staff with a
snake wrapped around it
Treatments for illnesses
were based on dreams
and visions of the
believers
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Medicine in Its Infancy
Plagues killed thousands of people
Microbes not known to be
responsible for many diseases that
caused death
Prayer: most common form of
treatment still remains in many
cultures
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Medicine in Its Infancy
(Continued)
Hippocrates responsible for advancements in
medicine
Promoted diagnosing illness based on careful
observations of their conditions, not
supernatural or other external elements.
First physician to record patient’s medical
illnesses
Promoted being kind to the patient, rest, and
eating light foods
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Medicine in Its Infancy
(Continued)
Corpus Hippocratum: documentation
of Hippocrates’ writings
Hippocratic oath: “Doctors act only for
the good of their patients and keep
confidential what they learn about
their patients.”
Hippocrates known as the Father of
Medicine
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Medicine in Its Infancy
(Continued)
Aristotle: Greek philosopher and
scientist
Studied and classified various
organisms
Described human anatomy from
observations after dissecting animals
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Ancient Herbal Remedies
Chinese Emperor Shen Nung: one of the first
known practitioners of “trial and error” drug
testing.
Began tasting plants and other natural
materials to determine which were poisonous
and which were beneficial.
He is credited with establishing hundreds of
herbal medicines.
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Ancient Herbal Remedies
Examples of prevalent treatments:
Garlic for inflammation of
bronchial tubes
Liverwort plant for liver problems
Wine and pepper for stomach
ailments
Onions for worms
Tiger fat for joint pain
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Medicine in America
Early America: new immigrants
brought diseases from other parts of
the world
Doctors: responsible for diagnosing
conditions and preparing remedies to
cure patients
First druggists were doctors
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The Use of Opium and Alcohol
 Most popular tonic for medicinal use; very addictive
 Given as a sedative to dull the sensation of pain
 During Civil War used to treat painful wounds
 Addiction found to be at an alarming rate
 Opioid: made in laboratory rather than being taken from
a plant
 Opium and opioids: act on same receptor sites in
nervous system and have same side effects
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EYE OF HORUS
Horus, represented as the falcon-headed
god, was an important god in
Egyptian legend.
The symbol representing his eye was a
powerful symbol used to protect
from evil.
The 'Rx' symbol which is used by
pharmacies and in medicine has its
origins in the Eye of Horus
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Medicine in the 19th Century
Religious leaders became very active
in researching medicinal remedies to
treat the sick
Gregor Mendel, famous scientist and
monk, found the basis of genetics and
how genes are woven into heredity
Known as the Father of Genetics
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Medicine in the 20th Century
Average life span in the U.S. increased.
It went from from early 50’s in 1900 to 77 in the year
2000.
A dramatic growth in pharmaceutical medicine
contributed to the increased life span.
Penicillin was discovered.
In World War I, more soldiers died from
infections than the wounds themselves.
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Early Pharmacy Technicians
First pharmacy technicians: those
enlisted in the military
Trained to fill prescriptions and to do
job of pharmacist
To this day military technicians have
broader scope of training
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TECHNICIANS OF THE 21ST CENTURY &
BEYOND
Pharmacists moving into a more
highly clinical role not only
counseling but also working with
medical staff
Technicians moving into transcribing
orders, pulling medications, and
filling prescriptions
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EARLY PHARMACISTS
First Pharmacy School: Philadelphia
College of Pharmacy and Sciences (1821)
In 1800s pharmacists compounded nearly
every drug ordered by physicians
Cisterns: large ornate jars used to store
various herbs
and ingredients
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EARLY PHARMACISTS (Continued)
Show globes: interesting
container associated
with pharmacy
Theory: placed in apothecary
stores to let visitors know the
status of health of the town
Red = illness; green = healthy
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The Soda Fountain/Pharmacy in America
Early pharmacists played a
minimal role in health care
From 1800 to 1900 soda fountain
became an extension of a town’s
drugstore
Pharmacists sold soda and ice
cream, worked the lunch counter,
and filled the day’s prescriptions
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Trust in Pharmacist
Pharmacists can be trusted to provide
truthful information and be a confidant
Clinical pharmacists work alongside doctors
to prescribe medications and dosages
Community pharmacy: required to counsel
patients; technicians trusted to provide the
best care by filling the correct medication
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Pharmacy Settings
Primary Environments are:
Community Pharmacies: the area of greatest
employment
Hospitals: the next greatest area of employment
Mail order operations: pharmacy businesses that
provide drugs by mail to patients – a fast growing
area
Long-term care: residence facilities
Home care: care given to patients in their home,
often by a hospital or by a home care agency
working with a home care pharmacy
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Let’s Review…..
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7OtllScGt8
Copyright © 2007, 2004 by Saunders, an
imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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