Transcript medication ppt 101

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OBJECTIVES:
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Define selected term related to the
administration of medication.
Describe various route of medication
administration.
Identify essential part of medication orders.
Outline list of steps of medication administration.
Identify the sites of medication administration.
Describe essential steps in safety medication
administration.
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Definitions:
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Pharmacology: is the study of the effect of the
drug on the body.
Medication: is a substance administered for
diagnosis, cure, treatment, mitigation or
prevention.
Prescription: the written direction for the
preparation and the administration of the drug.
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One drug can have as many as
names:
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The generic name: is given for the
drug to being official name.
The official name: is the name under
which its listed in one in the official
publication.
The chemical name: is the name by
which the chemist knows it.
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Cont
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The trade mark or brand name: is name given
by the drug manufacture
Example: hydrochlorothiazide (official name).
Esidrex (brand name)
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Therapeutic action of drugs:
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Palliative: relieve symptom of a disease
but does not affect on a disease it self as
morphine.
Curative: cure a disease or condition as
penicillin.
Supportive: support body function until
treatment or body response can take
over as aspirin.
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Cont
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Substitutive: replace body fluids or
substance insulin.
Chemotherapeutic: destroy malignant
cell as busulfan for leukemia.
Restorative: return body health as
vitamin.
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Effect of drug:
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The therapeutic effect: is the primary
effect intended that is the reason the drug
is prescribed such as morphine sulfate is
analgesia.
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Cont:
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Side effect: secondary effect of the drug is
one that unintended, side effects are
usually predictable and may be either
harmless for example digitalis increase the
strength of myocardial contraction but it
can have side effect inducing vomiting and
nausea.
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Cont:
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Drug toxicity: deleterious effect of the
drug on an organism or tissue, result from
overdose or external use.
Drug allergy: is immunological reaction to
a drug.
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Cont
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Drug interaction: occur when
administration of one drug before or after
alter effect of one or both drug.
Drug misuse: Is the improper use of
common medications in way that lead to
acute and chronic toxicity for example
laxative, antacid and vitamins.
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Drug abuse: is an inappropriate intake of
substance either continually or
periodically.
Drug dependence: is a persons reliance on
or need to take drug or substance there
are two type of dependence:
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Physiological dependence: is due to
biochemical changes in the body tissue
these tissue come to require substance
for normal function.
Psychological dependence: is emotional
reliance on a drug to maintain a since of
wellbeing accompanied feeling of need.
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Cont :
 Drug
habituation: denotes a mild
form of psychological dependence.
 Illicit
drug: also called street drug
are those sold illegally.
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Common mild allergic response:
 Skin
rash.
 Pruritus.
 Rhinitis.
 Nausea and vomiting.
 Wheezing.
 Diarrhea.
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Factor effecting medication action:
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Developmental factor such as older age and
infants are deferent response of medication.
Gender
Culture and genetic factor.
Diet
Environment
Illness and disease
Time of administration
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Route of administration:
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Oral is the most common
Advantage:
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Least expensive and most convenient
route for most clients.
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Safe, does not break the skin.
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Oral medication
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Cont:
Disadvantage:
 Inappropriate for client nausea and
vomiting.
 Drug may have unpleasant taste.
 May cause irritation of gastro intestinal
tract.
 Drug may discolor teeth.
 Drug can be aspirated by ill client.
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Sublingual: a drug placed under the
tongue, where it dissolved.
Advantage:
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Same as oral plus
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Drug may administered for local effect.
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Drug rapidly absorbed into blood stream.
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More potent than oral.
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Disadvantage:
 If swallowed drug may be inactive.
 Drug must remain under the tongue until
dissolved.
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Baccal: pertaining to the cheeks.
Rectal: can be used when drug
objectionable taste
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parenteral :
Subcutaneous (SC): hypodermic into
subcutaneous tissue, just below the skin.
Advantage: onset drug action faster than
oral.
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Type of injection degree:
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Disadvantage:
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Must involve sterile technique because
breaks skin barrier.
More expensive than oral.
Can administer only small doses.
Slower than intramuscular injection.
Some drug can irritate tissue and can
cause pain.
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Sc injection site
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Intramuscular (IM):
into in the muscle.
Characteristics :
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2 to 5 ml syringe, 21 or 22 gauge and 1.1/5
inches.
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- Several factors can effect of needle:
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The muscle site.
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the type of solution.
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the amount of adipose tissue that covered of area.
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the age of the client.
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Advantage:
 Pain from irritating drugs is minimized.
 Can administer large volume of drug.
 Drug rapidly absorbed.
Disadvantage:
 breaks skin barrier.
 Can be anxiety producing.
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Common site of intramuscular
injections:
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Ventrogluteal site: also known as von
hochseter’s site which lies over the
gluteus minimus is preferred site because
the area contains no large nerve or blood
vessels.
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Provide greater thickness of gluteal muscle
consisting gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.
Contain less fat area.
The clients position:
 On back, prone and side lying position.
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Ventrogluteal site:
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Cont:
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Vastus latralis site:
 is usually thicker and well developed
in adult, children and infant 7
months because no major blood
vessel sand nerve in the area.
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It established by dividing the area
between the greater trochanter of
the femur and the lateral femoral
condyle into third and selects the
middle third.
Patient may in supine position or
sitting position.
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Vastus latralis:
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Vastus latralis:
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Vastus latralis:
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Dorsogluteal site:
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is composed of the thick gluteal muscle of
the buttocks, Because the site developed by
walking, the site not be used or children under
three years.
The nurse must choose the injection site
carefully to avoid striking the sciatic nerve and
blood vessels.
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The nurse palpates the posterior iliac
spine, and then draws an imaginary line to
the greater trochenter femur.
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Dorsogluteal site:
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Dorsogluteal site:
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Deltoid muscle:
is found on the lateral aspect of the upper arm
its not used frequently because it is relatively
small and very clause to the radial nerve and
radial artery. But no more 1ml can be
administered for example: hepatitis B vaccine.
The method of establishing the deltoid site is to
place four fingers across the deltoid muscle.
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Deltoid muscle:
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Rectus femoris site:
Which belongs to the quadriceps muscle
group. It’s situated on the anterior aspect
of the thigh
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Rectus femoris site:
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intradermal (ID):
is the administrating of a drug into the
dermal layer of the skin just beneath the
epidermis, usually small amount of liquid
is used for example 0.1ml.
characteristic of needle may use:
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short and fine, 25,26 and 27 gauge. ¼ to
5/8 inch long.
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intradermal (ID):
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Common sites:
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Inner lower arm.
Upper chest.
On the back beneath the scapula.
Notes: Intradermal injection are absorbed
slowly through blood capillaries, the area not
massaged because the medication may
disperse.
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Advantage: absorption is slow (this
advantage test for allergy).
Disadvantage: amount of drug
administered must be small.
Breaks skin barrier.
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Intravenous (IV): in to the vein.
Large amount of drug can administer.
Advantage:
rapid effect.
Disadvantage:
limited to highly soluble drug.
Break skin barrier.
Drug distribution inhibited by poor circulation.
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Inhalation:
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introduce drug through respiratory tract.
Topical:
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Topical applications are those applied to
circumscribed surface area of the body.
They effect only the area to which they
are applied.
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Types of medication order:
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A state order: indicates that the
medication is to be given immediately and
only once.
Example: volterin 75mg Im state.
The single order dose: is for medication
to be given once at the specified time.
Example seconal 100mg hs before
surgery.
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The standing order: may or may not have
a termination date
Example volterin 75mg IM q4h * 5 days.
A PRN order: as needed order permits the
nurse to give a medication when, in the
nurse judgment, the client requires it.
Example: panadol 500mg PRN.
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The drug order has seven essential
parts:
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- Full name of the client
2- Date &time the order is written
3- Name of the drug to be administered
4- Dosage of the drug
5- Method of administration.
6- Frequency of drug.
7- Signature of the physician or nurse
practitioner
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Five 'Rights' of drug
administration
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12345-
Right
Right
Right
Right
Right
drug
dose
time
route
client.
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Right Medication.
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Read the medication record, and take
the appropriate medication from the
shelf, drawer, or refrigerator.
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Compare the label of the medication
container against the order. If these are
not identical, recheck the client’s record.
If there is still a discrepancy, check with
the delegating nurse.
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Right Time. Give the medication at the
right time.
Right Route. Give the medication by
the ordered route - eye drop or
ointment.
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Right Dose.
 Checking medication data is essential to
prevent a medication error. Check the eye
preparation for the name, strength, and
number of drops if a liquid is used. If
ointment is used, discard the first bead.
The first bead of ointment from a tube is
considered to be contaminated.
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Right Client.
Identify the client by name.
Explain to the client it is time for their
eye medication administration.
Explain the technique to the client. The
administration of eye medication is not
usually painful. Ointments are often
soothing to the eye, but some liquid
preparations may sting initially.
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Parts of prescription:
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Descriptive information about the client:
name, address and age.
Dates
The Rx symbol, meaning “take thou”.
Medication name, dose
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Route of administration.
Dispensing instruction.
Direction of administration.
Refill
Prescriber’s signature.
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Clinical guide line for
administering medication.
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Nurses who administer medication are
responsible for their own action.
Be knowledgeable about medication.
Use medication that are a clearly labeled.
Don’t use liquid medication that are cloudy.
Before administration the drug identify the
patient correctly.
Do not leave the medication on the bed side.
If the client vomits the drug report this and
inform doctor.
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Cont:
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Take special precaution when
administrating certain medication such as
heparin.
Most hospital policies require new orders
from the physician.
When a medication error is made, report
immediately to the nurse in charge or to
the physician.
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