Transcript polis - Quia

Ch 4
Persia and
1
Greece
Definitions
• city-state or polis: A small independent state
consisting of an urban center and the surrounding
agricultural territory. A characteristic political form
in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical
Greece, Phoenicia and early Italy
• empire:
2
Persian Empire
550
334
B.C.E.
• 530 B.C.E. - by this year Cyrus creates
Empire
• 522 - 486 B.C.E. - rule of Darius
• 480 - 479 rule of Xerxes - invades
Greece “This is Sparta”
• 334 - 323 Alexander the Great
conquers Persia
• 323 - 30 Hellenistic Era
3
Persian
Empire
• Achaemenid Empire
• Present-day Iran
• Cyrus creates empire by 530 B.C.E. between
Egypt and India - military conquest - Darius
extends it to NW India
4
Darius maintains
• capital - Persepolis
- center of
unity
bureaucracy
see same pattern in Rome and Han China
• satrapies = provinces,
strapas =
governors
• military troops and tax collectors
watched over satraps
• standardized tax collection and coinage
• built road system - Persian Royal Road
• ceremonial life of emperor, removed
from day to day governing of empire sons of aristocrats5 educated or held as
Zoroastrianism
• Ahuramazda or Ahura Mazda supreme deity
• good v. evil
• humans rewarded or punished in
afterlife according to their choice of
good v. evil
• may have influenced ideas of Judaism
and later, Christianity
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Ancient Greece
sPrIte
Ionia
•A
The Acropolis at
Athens
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Main eras:
• Dark Ages 1150 - 800 isolation period - Dorians
enter
• Archaic period 800 - 480 Phoenicians pull them
out of isolation and Greek trade beings again
• Classical Period 500 - 323 (Athenian democracy
to death of Alexander the Great)
• Hellenistic Period - Greek culture in Persia
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Governments of
Ancient
Greece
• fragmented
• polis = city state, lots of poleis = citystates
• hoplites warfare between city-states
9
Expansion = colonies
• due to overpopulation - sounds
familiar?
• Hellenes v. barbaroi (sounds like....?)
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•
•
•
•
Society
aristocrats or nobles - wealth based on inherited
lands
free peasants - own small farms
middle class: urban artisans and merchants
peasants - worked lands allowed to keep a portion
of what they farmed
• debt-slavery - couldn’t pay off loans
• slaves = helots - agricultural work
• patriarchal - Spartan women a bit higher status
• stratified? based on a hierarchy?
11
Many city-states =
•many
monarchy =governments
Minoan and Mycenaean
civs.
• aristocracy = rule by landowners,
nobles
• tyrant = tyranny
• oligarchy = rule by the rich
• democracy = rule by all free adult males
• not an empire - only overseas colonies
which set up different city-states
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Sparta v. Athens
•
• Athens - birth of “democracy”
• Athens v. Sparta in Peloponnesian War 431
Pericles
Sparta - militaristic due to large helot population
B.C.E.
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Reforms of Pericles:
• Peak of democracy:
• the Assembly - all free male citizens - open
debates - salaries paid for service
• the Council of 500
• People’s Courts - chosen by lot
•
We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as a harmless but
as a useless character.” Pericles’ Funeral Oration.
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Religion
• Polytheistic
• mythology
• anthropomorphic gods
• sacrifice animals not people like...?
• oracles - sacred sites where gods communicated
with man - Oracle of Apollo at Delphi
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Economy
• Rocky geography = Trade =
spreads Greek culture
• next....
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Intellectual
• secular ideas
reflected
in art and literature
Developments
• rationalism - rational
thinking - the use of
reason to understand
the world
• individualism - “I did
this, I did that” like
Odysseus in the
beginning. Leads to
concept of individual
rights - opposite of...?
• humanism -
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Greek Philosophers:
• Socrates - questioning to uncover truths
• Plato - striving for the ideal state
• Aristotle • man should rely on reason and
senses to understand the world
• slavery is a natural human condition
- barbaroi lacked the capacity to
reason and thus were better off
under the direction
of
rational
Greek
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Hellenistic Age
Hellenistic
Empire
• Hellenes + Persian cultures
• cosmopolitan
• universities, libraries, museums
• Alexandria in Egypt
• Ptolemy Dynasty after Alexander’s death rules
Egypt
• Pythagorus, Archimedes, Euclid - math and
science
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Art and Architecture
• symmetry, balance, columns, the ideal
state
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Greek Frescoes
21
Tyrants came to power in many
Greek poleis as a result of:
• inheritance
• warfare between the poleis
• direct elections
• popular support
22
Answer:
• E.
• This word carries a different meaning
today than it did during the classical
Greek era. It simply meant someone
who came to power by irregular means
such as popular support rather than
birthright.
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A key difference between helots in
Sparta and chattel slavery is that
helots
• a. could not be bought and sold as property
• b. could serve in the Spartan army
• c. were not mistreated
• d. had some rights as citizens of Sparta.
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Answer:
• A.
• Chattel slavery is the concept that
slaves are a commodity. They can be
bought or sold as property and do not
exist as people. The helots in Sparta
could not be bought and sold, but they
also were not free to leave the land they
worked. In some ways, the helots were
closer to serfs than slaves.
25
Athens reached its democratic
zenith under the leadership of:
• A. Alexander
• B. Solon
• C. Pericles
• D. Aristotle
26
Answer:
•C
• Pericles built on Solon’s reforms which
had opened councils to any citizen
regardless of lineage; he also
supported appointment of commoners
to public offices, financed building
projects throughout the polis which
created jobs and loyalty, and promoted
the arts to bring renown presige to his
city.
27
Which of the following civilizations
had the greatest impact on the
Greek’s written language?
• A. Egyptian
• B. Babylonian
• C. Phoenician
• D. Latin
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Answer:
• C.
• The Phoenicians had developed a
written syllabic, phonetic language
which was easy to learn and thus a
huge asset to business and trade. The
Greeks who relied on maritime trade for
survival recognized the benefits of the
Phoenician system over the Egyptian
hieroglyphics or Babylonaian cuneiform,
added their own symbols for vowel
sounds, and developed a flexible and
beautiful written language.
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Unlike many slaves in ____ which were used
for human sacrifice, slaves in ____ provided
the agricultural labor necessary to feed the
polis.
• A. China, Athens
• B. Harappan society, Sparta
• C. Maya culture, Sparta
• D. Maya culture, Mycenaean culture
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Answer:
•C
• The Maya used prisoners of war as
slaves and frequently as human
sacrifices. Helots, Spartan slaves, were
used to produce food for the polis as
male Spartan citizens were serving in
the military for most of their lives.
31
Remember the
Greeks for...
• political developments
• intellectual developments - philosophy
= secular ideas such as humanism and
individualism reflected in their art and
literature -
• Plato - always searching for the ideal
beauty in everything
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