Transcript PowerPoint

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The Basics of
Understanding
Nutrition
Nutrition Final:
TLS 318
Ryan Walsh
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What is Nutrition?
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The study of foods, their nutrients, and other chemical
components, their actions and interactions in the body,
and their influence on health and disease.
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History:
 Hippocrates recognized diet as a component of health
back in 400 B.C.
 The discovery of the first vitamin occurred in the
early 1900’s
 American Institute of Nutrition founded in 1928nutrition was officially recognized as a distinct field of
study.
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Nutrition Facts
 Americans
spend more than $40 billion a year on
diet and health books
 Americans
spend more than $30 billion annually
on medical and nutritional health fraud and
quackery
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Nutrients in Food
 Nutrients: substances
obtained from food and
used in the body to promote growth,
maintenance, and repair.
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Nutrients in Food
 Almost
any food you eat is mostly water
 Some foods are as high as 99% water
 If
you take the water out of food, you are left with
the remaining 5 nutrients
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Nutrients in Food
 Essential
Nutrients: A nutrient that must be
obtained from food because the body cannot make
it for itself

40+ nutrients are known to be
essential----they are compounds
that the body cannot make for
itself but an indispensable to
life processes
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Energy-Yielding Nutrients

Energy Yielding Nutrients: Nutrients that upon being broken down
in the body, or digested, yield the energy that the body uses to
fuel its various activities.
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3 Energy Yielding Nutrients are:
1.
Carbohydrates
2.
Fat
3.
Protein
Energy Yielding Nutrients  Calories  Energy
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Energy-Yielding Nutrients
 Energy= The
capacity to do work.
 Calories= The
unit used to measure energy
If your body does not use (release) the energy you
obtained from food soon after you have eaten it, it
stores that energy usually in the form of body fat, for
later use.
Each Energy-Yielding Nutrient supplies a specific
amount of energy (based on calories)…
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Energy-Yielding Nutrients
Energy-Yielding Nutrients
10
8
6
4
2
0
Energy-Yield
Nutrient (Calories
per gram)
Alcohol is not considered a nutrient, but
does supply calories.
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How to calculate caloric value
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Ex: A deluxe fast-food hamburger contains about 45 grams of
carbs, 27 grams of protein, and 39 grams of fat:
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45g of carbs x 4 cal= 180 calories
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39g of fat x 9 cal= 351 calories
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27g of protein x 4 cal= 108 calories
 Total= 639 calories
Percentage of total energy intake can be determined by
dividing the number of calories from each nutrient by the
totals calories, then x by 100 to get %
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Carbs: 45 x 4cal/g / 639= 0.281 x 100= 28%
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Fat: 39 x 9cal/g / 639= 0.548 x 100= 55%
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Protein: 27 x 4cal/g / 639= 0.168 x 100= 17%
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Vitamins, Minerals, & Water

Vitamins: Organic, or carbon-containing, essential nutrients
that are vital to life but needed only in relatively minute
amounts.

Minerals: Inorganic compounds, some of which are essential
nutrients

Water: Provides the medium for life processes.
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Vitamins, Minerals, & Water

They DO NOT supply energy or calories

They DO regulate the release of energy and other
aspects of metabolism
Metabolism: Collective term for all the chemical and
physical reactions occurring in living cells, including
the reactions by which the body obtains and uses
energy from foods.
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Vitamins are divided into two categories based on how
the body uses them:
1.
2.
Water-soluble
Fat-soluble
+ Vitamins
Water-soluble
Fat-soluble
B Vitamins
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B12
Folate
Biotin
Panatothenic Acid
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
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Minerals
Major Minerals
Calcium
Chloride
Magnesium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Sulfur
Trace Minerals
Chromium
Copper
Fluoride
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Selenium
Zinc
Examples:
• Calcium
• Found in broccoli, milk, oranges, etc.
• Make up the structures of the bones and teeth
• Sodium
• Found in most processed foods
• Float about the body’s fluids, where they help regulate crucial
bodily functions, such as heartbeat and muscle contractions
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Water

60% of your body’s weight consists of water
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It carries minerals to and from cells

Provides the warm, nutrient-rich bath in which cells thrive

Transports hormonal message from place to place
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When energy-yielding nutrients release energy,
they break down in to water and other simples
compounds

You loose water in the form of sweat and urine

You need 2-3 quarts of water a day
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Nutrients and Health Promotion
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Scientists are investigating the role diet plays in health
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Deficiency diseases have been virtually eliminated in US due
to our abundant food supply, however we still have diseases
related to malnutrition and overnutrition.
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Malnutrition: Any condition caused by an excess, deficiency, or
imbalance of calories or nutrients
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Overnutrition: Calorie or nutrient overconsumption severe
enough to cause disease or increase risk of disease
5 of the leading causes of death--- heart disease, cancer, stroke,
diabetes, and hypertension--- have been linked to diet.
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Nutrients and Health Promotion
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A number of environmental, behavioral, social, and
genetic factors work together to determine a person’s
likelihood of suffering from a degenerative disease.

Degenerative disease: Chronic disease characterized by
deterioration of body organs as a result of misuse and neglect.

Poor eating habits, smoking, lack of exercise, and other
lifestyle habits often contribute to degenerative diseases
including heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, and diabetes.
+ Nutrients and Health Promotion
FACT: By the time you are 65 years old,
you will have eaten about 100,000
pounds of food!!
 People
who regularly consume a variety of plant
food have reduced risks of heart disease, stroke,
diabetes, certain cancers, and other chronic
diseases.
 The
KEY to disease prevention & optimal health is
not restricting food, but rather creating a lifestyle
that includes time for preparing nutritious meals
and regular physical activity.
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Nutrients and Health Promotion
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lifestyle elements linked with optimal quality of life:
Avoiding excess alcohol
Not smoking
Maintaining a healthy weight
Exercising regularly
7-8 hrs of sleep a night
Breakfast
Nutritious, regular meals
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Health Promotion
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Lifestyle Behaviors: Personal choices, habits, and customs
that are influenced and modified by social forces
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Health Promotion: Focuses on changing human behavior
 Getting people to eat healthful diets
 Be physically active
 Get regular rest
 Develop leisure-time hobbies from relaxation
 Strengthen social networks
 Achieving balance
 Ex: Healthy People 2020, Blue Zones Project
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Understanding Food Choices
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The choices you make about what to eat can depend on:
1. Availability
2. Income, Food prices, and Convenience
3. Advertising and the Media
4. Social and Cultural Factors
5. Personal Values and Beliefs
6. Other: Nutritional knowledge,
hunger, personal preference,
early experiences.
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Availability
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Access to many types of food allows people to choose highfat diets that are rich in meats and other fatty foods, which
can contribute to increased rates of heart disease and other
problems.
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Make nutritious meal from fresh products bought at the grocery
store, OR pick up fast food/order food to house.
Our diets our limited by the types and amounts of food
available though the food supply.
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Income, Food Prices, & Convenience
Extremely low income= difficult to buy enough food to meet
their minimum nutritional needs, thereby putting them at risk
for undernutrition.
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Undernutrition: Severe underconsumption of calories or nutrients,
leading to disease or increased susceptibility to disease.
Most American’s think it is more expensive to eat healthy
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40% of consumers who answered a survey said that fruits,
vegetables, seafood, and other elements of a low-fat diet would
strain their budgets
Research has shown that it can reduce food cost and promote
weight loss
Processed food is easier to buy and prepare than meals made
from fresh ingredients
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Advertising and the Media
TV, radio, magazines, newspaper, and ads play a powerful role in
our food choices and knowledge of nutrition!
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Most food advertising is aimed at selling products that aren’t the
optimal choices for regular inclusion in healthful diets.
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Ex: Fast food commercials, soda commercials, etc.
Media reliable information?
TV  Magazines  Newspapers, radio, family, friends, books, and
internet  Doctors
Why is doctors last in our line of nutritional information help?
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Social and Cultural Factors
Social groups such as families, friends, and coworkers tend to
exert the most influence on our food choices
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Social pressure can push us to eat meals we might not choose
on our own
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Culture also determines our food choices:
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Ex: Insects---In the US, eating insects is repulsive. However, many
cultures in the rest of the world relish dishes with insects
Religion: The practice of giving and
abstaining from food has long been
used by many cultures as a way to show
devotion, respect, and love to a
supreme being.
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Personal Values and Beliefs
Can adopt certain ways of eating or making good choices
based on larger worldviews
 Vegetarian
 Boycotting specific manufactures’ items because you
disagree with their practices