Transcript Greek Mythology and the Homeric Hymns

Ancient Greece,
Greek Mythology ,
the Homeric Hymns,
and Theogony
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THE CITY-STATES OF GREECE
 The geography of Greece – a land of
mountain barriers and scattered
islands – encouraged this
fragmentation.
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Polis common Hellenic heritage
• The Greek cities never lost sight of their
common Hellenic heritage, but it was not
enough to unite them except in the face of
unmistakable and overwhelming danger,
and even then only partially and for a
short time.
• They differed from each other in custom,
political constitution, and even dialect:
their relations with each other were those of
rivals and fierce competitors.
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Phoenician system of writing
 It was in the cities founded on the
Asian coast that the Greeks adapted to
their own language the Phoenician
system of writing, adding signs for the
vowels to create their alphabet, the
forerunner of the Roman alphabet and
of our own.
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Ionian and Doric
 By 800 BCE Greece had become
linguistically divided into groups,
whose culture as well as dialect were
distinctive.
 Foremost among these groups were
Ionian, spoken in Athens, the islands
and Ionia, and Doric, spoken in
Sparta, Crete and Rhodes.
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The expansion of Greece
750-580 BCE
 Starting with colonies at Ischia and
Cumae around the Bay of Naples in c.
750 BCE, the Greeks founded cities all
around the Mediterranean, from the
south of France to Naucratis in
Egyptian Delta, to solve problems of
over-population at home.
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ATHENS AND SPARTA
By the beginning of the fifth century B.C.
the two most prominent city-states were
Athens and Sparta.
• These two cities led the combined Greek
resistance to the Persian invasion of
Europe in the years 490 to 479 B.C.
• The defeat of the solid Persian power by
the divided and insignificant Greek cities
surprised the world and inspired in Greece,
and particularly in Athens, a confidence
that knew no bounds.
•
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Athens
• Athens was at this time a democracy, the first in Western
history.
• It was a direct, not a representative, democracy, for the
number of free citizens was small enough to permit the
exercise of power by a meeting of the citizens as a body in
assembly.
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Athena
 Athens is the symbol of freedom, art, and democracy
in the conscience of the civilized world.
 The capital of Greece took its name from the goddess
Athena, the goddess of wisdom and knowledge.
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Athens (the fifth century BCE)
(map)
http://wl2009.wordpress.com/2010/02/28/athe
ns-the-fifth-century-bce/
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Sparta
• Sparta, on the other hand, was rigidly
conservative in government and policy.
• Because the individual citizen was reared
and trained by the state for the state’s
business, war, the Spartan land army was
superior to any other in Greece, and the
Spartans controlled, by direct rule or by
alliance, a majority of the city-states of the
Peloponnese.
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Persian War and Peloponnesian War
• These two cities, allies for the war of liberation
against Persia, became enemies when the external
danger was eliminated.
• The middle years of the fifth century were
disturbed by indecisive hostilities between them
and haunted by the probability of full-scale war to
come.
• As the years went by, this war came to be
accepted as “inevitable” by both sides, and in 431
B.C, it began. It was to end in 404 B.C, with the
total defeat of Athens.
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The Athenian Empire
Before the beginning of this disastrous war,
known as the Peloponnesian War, Athenian
democracy provided its citizens with a cultural
and political environment that was without
precedent in the ancient world.
• The institutions of Athens encouraged the
maximum development of the individual’s
capacities and at the same time inspired the
maximum devotion to the interests of the
community.
•
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Solon: The Lawmaker of Athens
an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and
elegiac poet.
He is remembered particularly for his efforts
to legislate against political, economic and
moral decline in archaic Athens.
His reforms failed in the short term yet he is
often credited with having laid the
foundations for Athenian democracy.
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Solon
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Pericles
• There were limits on who could participate
in the democracy.
• The “individual Athenian” of whom
Pericles spoke was the adult male citizen. In
his speech, he mentioned women only once,
to tell them that the way for them to obtain
glory was not to be worse than their nature
made them, and to be least talked of among
males for human progress from savagery to
civilization.
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Pericles
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Ancient Greek Medicine
 Medicine was very important to the
Ancient Greek.
 Ancient Greek Culture was such that a
high priority was placed upon healthy
lifestyles, this despite Ancient Greece
being much different to the Greece of the
modern World.
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The Cult of Asclepios
 Medical practice in Ancient Greece, like
Egypt, was based largely upon religious
beliefs.
 The Cult of Asclepios grew in popularity
and was a major provider of medical care.
This cult developed old theories and
introduced several treatments not too
dissimilar from modern alternative
medicines.
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Hippocrates
• The Ancient Greeks though made major strides in
medical knowledge.
• The works of Hippocrates and his followers led to
several scientific facts being recorded for the first time:
and perhaps more significantly the work of these
philosophers began a tradition of studying the cause of
disease rather than looking solely at the symptoms
when prescribing a cure.
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Observation and logic
• So the Greeks were very interested in using
scientific observation and logic to figure out
what caused diseases and what you could do
about them.
• In the 300's BC and afterward, in the Hellenistic
period, Greek doctors worked out a logical
system for understanding disease. Their writings
about this have been collected in the Hippocratic
Writings, named after the first and most famous
of Alice
these
doctors,
Hippocrates
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Four Humors
• The legacy of the Ancient Greek world on
medical practice has been great.
• Hippocrates theory of the Four Humors was,
for a long time, the basis upon which to
develop medical reasoning. Likewise the
methodology employed by the Greeks has,
to a large extent, been retained and modified
to form what we now consider to be
conventional medicine.
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Hippocrates Refusing Gift from Alexander
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 1792. Oil on canvas. Paris, Faculté de Médecine, Museé
d’Histoire de la Médecine
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Hippocrates
• was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of
Pericles, and was considered one of the most
outstanding figures in the history of medicine.
• He is referred to as the father of medicine in
recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as
the founder of the Hippocratic School of medicine.
• This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in
ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct
from other fields that it had traditionally been
associated with , thus making medicine a profession.
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Hippocratic Corpus
• However, the achievements of the writers of the Corpus, the
practitioners of Hippocratic medicine, and the actions of
Hippocrates himself are often commingled;
• thus very little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought,
wrote, and did.
• In particular, he is credited with greatly advancing the systematic
study of clinical medicine, summing up the medical knowledge
of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians
through the Hippocratic Oath and other works.
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Ode on a
Grecian
Urn
Greek
Mythology
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Greek mythology is . . .
 the body of myths and legends belonging to
the ancient Greeks concerning their Gods
and heroes, the nature of the world, and
the origins and significance of their own
cult and ritual practices.
 a part of religion in ancient Greece.

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Modern scholars refer to
the myths and study them
in an attempt to throw light
on the religious and
political institutions of
Ancient Greece, on the
Ancient Greek civilization,
and to gain understanding
of the nature of mythmaking itself.
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The Olympian gods = natural forces
 The Olympian gods, like the natural forces of sea
and sky, follow their own will even to the extreme of
conflict with each other, and always with a sublime
disregard for the human beings who may be
affected by the results of their actions.
 It is true that they are all subjects of a single more
powerful god, Zeus.
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Gods= the blind forces of the universe
 Such gods as these, representing as they
do the blind forces of the universe that
humans cannot control, are not always
thought of as connected with morality.
 Morality is a human creation, and though
the gods may approve of it, they are not
bound by it.
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Subject matters
 Greek mythology is embodied explicitly in a
large collection of narratives and implicitly in
representational arts, such as vase-paintings
and votive gifts.
 Greek myth explains the origins of the world
and details the lives and adventures of a wide
variety of gods, goddesses, heroes, heroines
and other mythological creatures.
 These accounts initially were disseminated in
an oral-poetic tradition; today the Greek myths
are known primarily from Greek literature.
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The temple of Hera
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sources
 the epic poems Iliad and Odyssey, focus on
events surrounding the Trojan War.
 Hesiod: the Theogony and the Works and
Days, contain accounts of the genesis of the
world, the succession of divine rulers, the
succession of human ages, the origin of
human woes, and the origin of sacrificial
practices.
 Myths also are preserved in the Homeric
Hymns…
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Music of Ancient Greece - Hymn to
the Muse - by Halaris
http://wl2009.wordpress.com/2010/10/20/music-ofancient-greece-hymn-to-the-muse-by-halaris/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v3fJSnoPo&feature=related
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Greek pantheon
 According to Classical-era
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mythology, after the
overthrow of the Titans, the
new pantheon of gods and
goddesses was confirmed.
Among the principal Greek
gods were the Olympians,
residing atop Mount
Olympus under the eye of
Zeus.
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Olympian Gods
 Zeus, Poseidon, Hades,
 Hestia, Hera, Aris, Athena, Apollo,
 Aphrodite, Hermes, Artemis,
Hephaestus
 希臘神話衆神
http://memo.cgu.edu.tw/yu-yen/2008-greek-mythology1.pdf
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Olympian Gods of Ancient Greek
Mythology
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WP_NeirFIk
M
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Greek god (Roman equivalent)
 Zeus (Jupiter)/ Hera (Juno) /
 Demeter (Ceres) / Artemis (Diana)/
 Aphrodite (Venus)/ Eros (Cupid)/
 Hermes (Mercury) / Hephaistos (Vulcan) /
 Poseidon (Neptune) / Apollo (Apollo) /
 Ares (Mars) / Athena (Minerva) /
 Hestia (Vesta) / Dionysus (Bacchus)/
 Pan (Faunus)/ Heracles (Hercules) /
 Asclepius (Aesculapius) /
 Hades (Dis Pater) / Persephone (Proserpine)
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Temple of Zeus (600 BCE), the largest Greek pantheon outside of
Athens
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Delphi, Temple of Apollo
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普羅米修斯（Prometheus）
 普羅米修斯是一個為了人類而從奧林帕斯山山上偷走
火的泰坦巨人，因而遭到宙斯給予他極為可怕的懲罰。
他是艾爾佩提斯的兒子；亞特拉斯和艾皮米修斯的兄
弟。 "普羅米修斯（Prometheus）"在希臘語中是 "遠見
（foresight）"的意思。
 普羅米修士與智慧女神雅典娜共同創造了人類，並教
會了人類很多知識。
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The sculptor of
this Roman
sarcophagus
has portrayed
Prometheus
as a workman
creating minihumans.
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Prometheus and the eagle
 當時Zeus禁止人類用火，他看到人類生活的困苦，幫
人類從奧林匹斯偷取了火，因此觸怒宙斯。
 宙斯將他鎖在高加索山的懸崖上，每天派一隻鷹去吃
他的肝，又讓他的肝每天重新長上，使他日日承受被
惡鷹啄食肝臟的痛苦。然而普羅米修士始終堅毅不屈。
幾千年後，赫剌克勒斯為尋找金蘋果來到懸崖邊，把
惡鷹射死，並讓半人半馬的肯陶洛斯族的喀戎來代替，
解救了普羅米修士。
 但他必須永遠戴一隻鐵環，環上鑲上一塊高加索山上
的石子，以便宙斯可以自豪地宣稱他的仇敵仍然被鎖
在高加索山的懸崖上。
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PROMETHEUS
& THE EAGLE
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Heroes
 Perseus, Theseus, Bellerophon
 Atlanta, Heracles, Meleager
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Hercule
s and
Achilles
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Heracles and the Heracleidae
 Some scholars believe that behind Heracles'
complicated mythology there was probably a real
man, perhaps a chieftain-vassal of the kingdom of
Argos.
 Some scholars suggest the story of Heracles is an
allegory for the sun's yearly passage through the
twelve constellations of the zodiac.
 Others point to earlier myths from other cultures,
showing the story of Heracles as a local adaptation
of hero myths already well established. Traditionally,
Heracles was the son of Zeus and Alcmene
granddaughter of Perseus.
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Heracles
 He is portrayed as a sacrificier, mentioned as a founder
of altars, and imagined as a voracious eater himself; it is
in this role that he appears in comedy, while his tragic
end provided much material for tragedy — Heracles is
regarded by Thalia Papadopoulou as "a play of great
significance in examination of other Euripidean dramas".
 In art and literature Heracles was represented as an
enormously strong man of moderate height; his
characteristic weapon was the bow but frequently also
the club. Vase paintings demonstrate the unparalleled
popularity of Heracles, his fight with the lion being
depicted many hundreds of times.
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希臘神話中最偉大的英雄
 相當於羅馬神話中的赫丘利（Hercules）。
 宙斯底比斯（Thebes）國王之女 阿爾克墨涅之子，
半人半神的他自幼在名師的傳授下，學會了各種武
藝和技能，能勇善戰，成為眾人皆知的大力士。
 天后赫拉非常嫉妒，曾在海格力斯年幼時派了兩條
毒蛇去毒殺他，伊克力斯一看到蛇哭起上來，但兩
條蛇居然被嬰兒海格力斯活活捏死了，
 後來在赫拉的詛咒下，海格力斯發瘋殺害了自己三
個無辜的兒子，之後由於痛苦他再也不能與妻子
蜜格拉（Megara）相處，
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英勇與贖罪
 為了贖罪他不得不替邁錫尼（Mycenae）國王 歐律
斯透斯Eurystheus）服役十幾年。海格力斯拒絕了
惡德女神要他走享樂道路的誘惑，而聽從了美德女
神的忠告，決心在逆境中不畏艱險，為民除害造福。
 他在十二年中完成了十二項英勇業績，另外人馬
涅索斯（Nessus），他在希臘神話中是企圖調戲海
格力斯後來的妻子 伊阿尼拉（Deianira），被海格
力斯射殺。
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「海格力斯」一詞已經成為了「大力
士」的同義詞。
 臨死時，涅索斯叫伊阿尼拉把自己的血藏好，若海
格力斯不受管束或另結他歡時，把染血的緊身衣給
海格力斯穿上就會讓他回心轉意，重回伊阿尼拉的
懷抱。伊阿尼拉信以為真，誰知涅索斯的血有毒，
海格力斯被毒死後升天成為神。 他神勇無比，完
成了十二項英雄偉績，被升為武仙座。
 此外他還參加了阿耳戈船英雄的遠征幫助伊阿宋覓
取金羊毛，解救了普羅米修斯等。有關他英勇無畏，
敢於鬥爭的神話故事，歷來都是文藝家們樂於表現
的主題。在現代語中「海格力斯」一詞已經成為了
「大力士」的同義詞。
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Housof Troy and Helen
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Age of gods and mortals
 Bridging the age when gods lived alone and the age
when divine interference in human affairs was limited
was a transitional age in which gods and mortals moved
together.
 These were the early days of the world when the groups
mingled more freely than they did later.
 Most of these tales were later told by Ovid's
Metamorphoses and they are often divided into two
thematic groups: tales of love, and tales of punishment.
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Homeric Hymns
 The thirty-three anonymous Homeric
Hymns celebrating individual gods
are a collection of ancient Greek
hymns, "Homeric" in the sense that
they employ the same epic meter—
dactylic hexameter— as the Iliad and
Odyssey, use many similar formulas
and are couched in the same dialect.
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 They were uncritically attributed to
Homer himself in Antiquity—from the
earliest written reference to them,
Thucydides (iii.104)—and the label has
stuck. "the whole collection, as a
collection, is Homeric in the only useful
sense that can be put upon the word;" A.
W. Verrall noted in 1894, "that is to say,
it has come down labeled as 'Homer'
from the earliest times of Greek bookliterature."
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HOMERIC HYMNS 16
 http://www.theoi.com/Text/HomericHymns1.html
 XVI. TO ASCLEPIUS
 [1] I begin to sing of Asclepius, son of
Apollo and healer of sicknesses. In the
Dotian plain fair Coronis, daughter of
King Phlegyas, bare him, a great joy to
men, a soother of cruel pangs. And so
hail to you, lord: in my song I make my
prayer to thee!
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Prometheus and Pandora
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKx7ig5PAiA
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Greek Cosmogony
 But Homer is not our only source for Greek
mythological thought. Hesiod, Homer’s rough
contemporary, provided a mythological cosmogony
in his Theogony:
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World map of Hecataeus
(c.550-c.490 BCE):
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anthropomorphic deities
 The gods and humans shared a common history.
 This was a world of anthropomorphic deities
interfering in human affairs, using humans as
pawns in their own plots and intrigues—acting out of
spite, anger, love, lust, benevolence, pleasure, or
simple caprice. The gods were also implicated in
natural phenomena.
 Sun and moon were conceived as deities, offspring
of Theia and Huperion.
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a capricious world
 Storms, lightning bolts, winds, and earthquakes
were not regarded as inevitable outcomes of
impersonal, natural forces, but mighty feats willed
by the gods.
 The result was a capricious world, in which nothing
could be safely predicted because of the boundless
possibilities of divine intervention.
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Homer and Hesiod
 Homer and Hesiod, after all, are among the few
sources at our disposal that reveal anything of
archaic Greek thought;
 and if they do not represent primitive Greek
philosophy, they were nonetheless central to Greek
education and culture for centuries and cannot have
been without influence on the Greek mind.
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Nous- Early in the sixth century, Greek culture experienced
a burst of a radically new kind of discourse—
speculation unprecedented in its rationality (nous in
Greek), its concern for evidence, and its
acknowledgment that claims were open to dispute
and needed to be defended.
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Knowledge
 Speculations ranged over a broad subject
matter, including the cosmos and its origins,
the earth and its inhabitants, celestial bodies,
striking phenomena such as earthquakes,
thunder, and lightning, disease and death,
and the nature of human knowledge.
 This burst of intellectual activity were
distributed geographically over an area that
extended well beyond the boundaries of the
modern Greek state.
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Mythology  philosophy
 Whereas Hesiod regarded earth and sky as
divine offspring, for the philosophers
Leucippus (fl. 435) and Democritus (fl. 410)
the world and its various parts result form
mechanical sorting of lifeless atoms in a
primeval vortex or whirlpool.
 To be sure, these philosophical developments
did not signal the end of Greek mythology.
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Herodotus
 As late as the fifth century, the historian
Herodotus retained much of the old
mythology, sprinkling tales of divine
intervention through his Histories.
 Poseidon, by his account, used a high tide to
flood a swamp the Persians were crossing.
 And Herodotus regarded and eclipse that
coincided with the departure of the Persian
arm for Greece as a supernatural omen.
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kosmos
 The world of the philosophers, in short, was
an orderly, predictable world in which things
behave according to their natures.
 The Greek term used to denote this ordered
world was Kosmos, form which we draw our
word “cosmology.”
 The capricious world of divine intervention
was being pushed aside, making room for
order and regularity; chaos was yielding to
Kosmos.
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Earth is the centre of the universe.
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Nature/ physis
 A clear distinction between the natural and
the supernatural was emerging; and there
was wide agreement that causes (if they
are to be dealt with philosophically) must
be sought only in the natures of thing.
 The philosophers who introduced these
new ways of thinking were called by
Aristotle physikoi or physiologoi, from their
concern with physis or nature.
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Hesiod’s Theogony
 a poem by Hesiod describing the origins
and genealogies of the gods of the ancient
Greeks, composed circa 700 BC.
 a large-scale synthesis of a vast variety of
local Greek traditions concerning the gods,
organized as a narrative that tells about
the origin of the cosmos and about the
gods that shaped cosmos.
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Chaos Eros and Gaia
 that Chaos arose spontaneously.
 Chaos gives birth to Eros and Gaia (Earth),
the more orderly and safe foundation that
would serve as a home for the gods and
mortals, came afterwards.
 Tartarus (both a place below the earth as
well as a deity) and Eros (Desire) also
came into existence from nothing.
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Chaos Darkness and Night
 Eros serves an important role in sexual
reproduction, before which children had to be
produced by means of parthenogenesis.
 From Chaos came Erebos (Darkness) and Nyx
(Night).
 Erebos and Nyx reproduced to make Aither
(Brightness) and Hemera (Day).
 From Gaia came Ouranos (Sky), the Ourea
(Mountains), and Pontus (Sea).
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twelve Titans
 Ouranos mated with Gaia to create twelve
Titans:
 Oceanos, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetos,
Theia, Rhea, Themis, Mnemosyne,
Phoebe, Tethys, and Kronos;
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Pandora’s Box
 Pandora ("giver of all, all-
endowed") was the first woman.
 As Hesiod related it, each god
helped create her by giving her
unique gifts.
 火神赫淮斯托斯或宙斯用粘土
做成的地上的第一個女人，作
為對普羅米修士盜火的懲罰送
給人類的第一個女人
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罈子Pithos
 眾神亦加入使她擁有更誘人
的魅力。根據大英博物館所
藏的一隻白底基里克斯杯
（古希臘一種雙耳淺口的大
酒杯），潘朵拉的另一名字
是「安妮斯朵拉」
（Anesidora），意思為「送
上禮物的她」。根據神話，
潘朵拉打開一個「盒子」
 （應作罈子，希臘文原作
πίθος，πίθοι，英語：）。
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基里克斯杯κύλιξ
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Pandora’s Box
 而現時當提到「Pandora’s
Box」，通常是指潘朵拉出
於好奇而打開了盒子，釋
放出人世間的所有邪惡——
貪婪、虛無、誹謗、嫉妒、
痛苦——當她再蓋上盒子時，
只剩下希望在裡面。
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解釋世界上罪惡的存在
 潘朵拉的神話源遠流長，以不同的版本出現，並從
不同的角度詮釋。然而，在所有的文學版本，此神
話作為自然神學以解釋世界上罪惡的存在。
 在西元前7世紀，Hesiod在他的Theogony（第570
行，大概提及而並無完全指出潘朵拉的名字）及
《工作與時日》（Works and Days）是最早有關潘
朵拉故事的文學著作。
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"Pandora" by
John William
Waterhouse,
1896.
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Dante Gabriel
Rossetti – Pandora
(1869)
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Theogony
 Study Guide for Hesiod's Theogony
http://www.temple.edu/classics/Theogony-guide.html
工作與時日 : 神譜
長庚大學 三樓中文書區 871.31 8775 88
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Timeline of World Mythology
http://wl2009.wordpress.com/2009/10/04/time
line-of-world-mythology/
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