Transcript LECTURE1-Role of anaesthetist in the preoperative care prof

LECTURE TITLE: ROLE OF
ANESTHESIOLOGIST IN PRE-OPERATIVE
PERIOD
Lecturer name: Prof. Ahmed Abdulmoemn
Lecture Date:
Lecture Objectives..
Students at the end of the lecture will be able
to:
 learn pre-anesthetic patient evaluation and risk stratification.
 Obtain a full history and physical examination including allergies, current
medications, past anesthetic history, family anesthetic history
 The medical student will understand how patient co-morbidities can affect the
anesthetic plan.
 The medical student will be able to understand potential anesthetic options for a
given surgical procedure.
 The medical student will be able to plan an anesthetic for a basic surgical
procedure.
 The student will understand risk stratification of a patient undergoing anesthesia.
Stages of the Peri-Operative Period
Pre-Operative
• From time of decision
to have surgery until
admitted into the OR
theatre.
Stages of the Peri-Operative Period
Intra-Operative
• Time from entering the
OR theatre to entering
the Recovering Room or
Post Anesthetic Care
Unit (PACU)
Stages of the Peri-Operative Period
Post-Operative
• Time from leaving the
RR or PACU until time of
follow-up evaluation
(often as out-patient)
Preoperative visit.
To educate about anesthesia , perioperative
care and pain management to reduce anxiety.
To obtain patient's medical history and
physical examination .
To determine which lab test or further medical
consultation are needed .
To choose care plan guided by patient's choice
and risk factors
• Benefits from surgery ←→ Risk of
complications
Preoperative evaluation
The overall goals are to
Reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality
Allay patient anxiety.
Is designed to
provide patients an opportunity to discuss the anesthetic
plan before surgery with their anesthesiologist.
In the preoperative clinic an anesthesiologist will evaluate the medical
condition of all patients, and in conjunction with the patient, will
formulate a plan for the Perioperative anesthetic care.
Special emphasis is given to
 Airway evaluation
 Cardiopulmonary status
 Liver and kidney disease
 Any necessary labs, chest X-rays and ECG are performed in the
clinic.
The patients’ old charts are reviewed for
 Any previous anesthesia related problems
 Comorbidities, including hypertension, coronary artery disease,
pulmonary disease, diabetes, renal and hepatic disease,
neurological disease, and among others social habits, Previously
treated medical conditions are reviewed thoroughly, as is the
patients’ surgical history.
Preoperative Evaluation:
The Medical History:
The main objective of good medical history is
 To uncover and assess the severity of any pathologic condition that would
influence the selection of intraoperative techniques, monitoring and
anesthetics.
 The focus should be on the preanesthetic problem areas pertaining to history,
physical examination and the surgical condition.
 The medical problems should be characterized by date and time of onset,
severity, functional limitation due to the medical condition and response to
therapy.
 Other important areas of emphasis are, allergies, the current medication list
and the review of systems.
Cardiac History
 Recent onset of chest pain, severity of chest pain, history of
myocardial infarction, exercise tolerance and response to treatment.
 History of hypertension (controlled or uncontrolled)
 valvular heart disease
 symptomatic dysrhythmias and patients’ functional status is
assessed according to the New York Heart
 Association classification.
New York Heart Association classification
Class I: Cardiac disease without limitation of physical activity
Class II: Slight limitation of physical activity
Ordinary physical activity results in angina or fatigue
Class III: Marked limitation of physical activity
Class IV: Angina at rest, increased with activity .
HISTORY, SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH
PERIOPERATIVE CARDIOVASCULAR RISK
1. Myocardial infarction within the past 6 months
2. Poor left ventricular function
3. Poorly controlled cardiac failure
4. Resting diastolic blood pressure > 110 mmHg
5. Poorly controlled/untreated arrhythmia
6. Age > 70
7. Significant aortic stenosis
Pulmonary History
 Shortness of breath, asthma, COPD, emphysema and smoking
history.
 Recent upper respiratory tract infections with fever and sputum
production.
 The patients’ exercise tolerance and sleep pattern should be
assessed.
Renal and liver disease
 Organ dysfunction can affect the metabolism and clearance of
certain intravenous as well as inhalational anesthetics.
 Serious bleeding problem can occur with renal (platelet
dysfunction) or liver disease (deficient clotting factors).
GI reflux disease :
 If present, patients are prone to aspiration of gastric contents.
Hiatal hernia is increase the risk of aspiration, as is diabetes,
history of chronic narcotic ingestion, obesity and pregnancy.
Diabetes :
 If present, close monitoring of blood glucose should be
considered perioperatively. Diabetes also affect gastric
emptying, having a significant impact on preoperative
medication selection and management.
 Rheumatoid arthritis especially if treated with steroids and
ankylosing spondylosis with involvement of C-spine (difficult
airway, possible atlanto-axial subluxation etc).
Alcoholism and drug abuse:
 Increased tolerance to many sedative and narcotics
Family History:
 Specific history of previous anesthetic problems, history of
malignant hyperthermia, enzyme deficiency and other familial
and inherited diseases.
Allergies:
 Antibiotics, anesthetics, analgesics, sedatives/ hypnotics.
Medications:
 Appropriate instructions must be given to the patient
preoperatively regarding their medication management.
Bleeding:
 Abnormal platelet function or hereditary deficiency of clotting
factors, aspirin therapy and liver disease.
NPO status
 Should be part of the checklist preoperatively so that proper
anesthesia induction technique can be planned.
Patient related risk factors
(pulmonary)
Age
Obesity
Smoking
General health status
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Asthma
Smoking
 Important risk factor
 Smoking history of 40 pack years or more →↑risk of
pulmonary complications
 stopped smoking < 2 months : stopped for > 2
months 4:1(57% : 14.5%)
 quit smoking > 6 months : never smoked = 1:1
(11.9% : 11%)
Other medical conditions with involvement of airway and Cspine include:
 Rheumatoid Arthritis involving, cervical spine, TMJ and
Cricoarytenoid joint TMJ Dysfunction (impedes mouth opening)
 Acromegaly
 Cancer of head and neck, particularly, involving upper airway and
trachea.
 History of prior radiation treatment of neck (for cancer treatment)
 Obstructive sleep apnea
 Prior airway surgery
 Facial trauma with mandibular fracture (CSF rhinorrhea, etc)
NECK:
Neck examination should be performed as part of airway
evaluation. Presence of carotid bruit, midline masses which can
deviate or compress the trachea.
LUNGS:
Presence of any abnormal lung sounds (wheezing, rales) merit
further evaluation of the patients' pulmonary status.
HEART:
 Assessment should include heart rate, rhythm and presence or absence of
murmur and distention of jugular (JVD).
Examination of the extremities and back is part of the preoperative
evaluation.
ASA Physical Status Classification
Class 1: A normal healthy patient
Class 2: A patient with mild systemic disease that results in no
functional limitation.
Class 3: A patient with severe systemic disease that results in
functional limitation.
Class 4: A patient with severe systemic disease that is a constant
threat to life.
Class 5: A moribund patient that is not expected to survive for 24
hours with or without the operation.
Class 6: A declared brain-dead patient whose organs are being
removed for donor purposes.
The modification E is added to the ASA physical status classification
to indicate that the case is done emergently.
Preoperative labs tests
are indicated either to confirm the findings on abnormal physical
examination or that will help the anesthesiologist to manage the
patient's problems perioperatively.
EKG:
 Male or female, 50 years of age and older with coexisting cardio-pulmonary risk
factors.
Chest X-rays:
Chest x-rays are not indicated for any asymptomatic patient who is
less than 75 years of age and has no cardio-pulmonary risk factors.
Chest X-ray may be helpful in diagnosing the existence of tracheal
deviation, mediastinal mass, lung mass, aortic aneurysm,
pulmonary edema, pneumonia, atelectasis, fracture of clavicle
and cardiomegaly.
Laboratory studies :
 Routine laboratory screening tests are rarely useful.
 Tests should be selected based on the patient's medical condition
and the proposed surgical procedure.
 A brief review of current guidelines follows:
 Hematological studies may be indicated if there are concerns about
pre- or intraoperative blood loss, anemia, or coagulopathy.
 Recent hematocrit/hemoglobin level.
 Platelet function may be assessed by a history of easy bruising,
excessive bleeding from gums and minor cuts, and family history. A
positive finding in this category warrants additional laboratory
evaluation and possibly a consultation with a hematologist.
Coagulation studies are ordered only when
clinically indicated (e.g., history of a bleeding
diathesis, aspirin or anticoagulant use, liver
disease, or serious systemic illness) or if
postoperative anticoagulation is planned.
Serum chemistry studies are ordered only when
specifically indicated by history for patients who
have chronic renal, cardiovascular, hepatic, or
intracranial disease as well as for those with
diabetes or morbid obesity.
Informed consent :
Involves discussing the anesthetic plan,
alternatives, and potential complications in
terms understandable to the layperson.
It is preferable that this discussion be conducted
in the patient's native language.
Furthermore, written forms should also be
available in the patient's native language..
Q & A
References
 American Society of Anesthesiologists
(http://www.asahq.org/publicationsServices.htm), accessed January 30,
2006.
 Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation (http://www.apsf.org) accessed
January 30, 2006.
 Cooper JB, Gaba DM. A strategy for preventing anesthesia accidents. Int
Anesthesiol Clin 1989;27:148–152.
 Cooper JB, Newbower RS, Kitz RJ. An analysis of major errors and
equipment failures in anesthesia management: considerations for
prevention and detection. Anesthesiology 1984;60:34–42.
 Gaba DM. Anaesthesiology as a model for patient safety in health care.
BMJ 2000;320:785-“788. Available at:
http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/320/7237/785.
Thank You 
Dr.