Transcript MDA Ch. 30 PP

Principles of Pharmacology
Chapter 30
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Introduction
Pharmacology is the science that conducts
research and develops the use
and effects of drugs.
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Overview of Drugs
• Drug Derivatives
– Organic: Drugs derived from living organisms such
as plants or animals
– Inorganic: Drugs synthesized in the laboratory
• Identifying Drugs
– Chemical name: Drug’s chemical formula
– Generic name: Name that any business firm may use
– Brand or trade name: Registered trademark
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Dispensing of Drugs
• Drugs are classified in two categories:
– Patent Medicines (over-the-counter)
• Drugs that can be obtained without a prescription
– Prescription Drugs
• Also referred to as “Ethical Drugs”
• Supplied by a pharmacist who has received a
prescription
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Prescriptions
• Written order by a physician or dentist for the
preparation and administration of a medicine by the
pharmacist.
• Prescription Terminology
– Superscription: patient name, address, date, Rx
– Inscription: Name and quantity of the drug
– Subscription: Directions for mixing the drug
– Signature: Instructions for the patient on how
to take the drug
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Fig. 30-1 Example of a prescription pad.
(Courtesy Colwell Systems, Champaign, IL.)
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Table 30-1 Common Prescription Abbreviations
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Drug Reference Materials
• Physicians’ Desk Reference
– Also referred to as the “PDR”
– An updated source of information supplied by
drug companies about their products
– Available as a bound text or CD-ROM
• Package Inserts
– Information sheet describing the drug for the patient
• Side effects
• Adverse or long-term effects
• Precautions
• Contraindications
• Dosage and route
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Fig. 30-2 Mosby's Drug Consult
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Drug Dosage
• Dosage is the amount of a drug that a patient takes.
• Specific factors in determining the dosage are:
– Age
– Weight
– Time of day the drug is taken
– Drug form
– Patient tolerance to drug
– Other drugs the patient is taking
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Fig. 30-4 Routes of drug administration
(From Young A, Procter D: Kinn’s the medical assistant: an applied learning approach, ed 9, Philadelphia, 2003, Saunders;
Chester GA: Modern medical assisting, Philadelphia, 1998, Saunders; and Daniel SJ, Harfst: Mosby’s dental hygiene: concepts,
cases, and competencies, 2004 Update, St. Louis, Mosby 2004)
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Stages of Drug Action in the Body
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Controlled Substance Act
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)
• Scheduled Drugs:
– Schedule I drugs have no current accepted medical
usefulness and have a high potential for abuse.
– Schedule II drugs have a high potential for abuse but have
accepted medical usefulness.
– Schedule III drugs have less abuse potential and do have
accepted medical usefulness.
– Schedule IV drugs have low abuse potential and have
accepted medical use.
– Schedule V drugs are not required to be prescribed.
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Classification of Drugs
• Why do I need to know different drug classifications?
– Helpful when reviewing a patient’s drug history
– Have the knowledge of patients requiring premedication
– Assist in dental procedures requiring different types of pain
control
– Assist in a medical emergency
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis
• Antibiotic prescribed to an uninfected patient to
prevent bacterial colonization.
– Most common application is for the prevention of infective
endocarditis.
– Bacteria is abundant in the oral cavity
• The antibiotic decreases the bacterial colonization or
adherence.
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis Recommendations
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Table 30-2 Recommended Doses and Regimens
for Common Antibiotics
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Adverse Drug Effects
• Side Effects
– Body's reaction to a drug
• Allergic Reactions
– The body has an increased sensitivity to a substance
• Anaphylaxis
– Sudden onset of an allergic reaction to a drug
• Drug Tolerance
– Loss of effectiveness of a drug
• Drug Addiction
– Physical dependence on a certain drug
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.
Common Side Effects of Medications
Copyright C 2005, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1985, 1980, 1976 by Elsevier Inc.