Clinical Scenario
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Transcript Clinical Scenario
Community-Acquired Pneumonia:
A Clinical case scenario
Outline
Diagnosis of CAP
Site of care?
Tools for risk assessment?
Diagnostic tests needed?
Management of severe CAP ?
Presentation
A
66-year-old
man
accompanied by his wife,
arrived at the Emergency
Department complaining
of
shortness
of
breath,
fever, and cough.
Symptoms
His symptoms started 8 days ago
with mild fever, cough, myalgia,
headache & sore throat were he
received
antipyretic,
antihistaminic and cough syrup
after consulting his family doctor
through a telephone call.
Symptoms
After
initial improvement, he had a
worsening of symptoms starting 3 days
ago with productive cough, pleuritic chest
pain, fever, chills and malaise.
Last night he developed dyspnea and
high fever, so he decided to come to the
Emergency Department today.
Medical History
X-smoker 2 years (30 pack years).
COPD.
Type 2 diabetes.
Medications include
Inhaled salbutamol (100 μg)+ beclomethasone
diproprionate (50 μg) 2 puffs x 3.
Sustained released theophylline (200mg cap
1x2).
Gliclcazide (80mg tab. 1x1).
Examination
Confused.
Temperature: 39.0°C.
Blood pressure: 120/70.
Pulse rate: 120 bpm.
Respiratory rate: 30 per minute.
Clinical signs of right upper zone consolidation and
bilateral scattered rhonchi.
No cyanosis, pedal edema or jugular venous
distension is noted.
Chest X-ray
Diagnosis
Dose this patient have
Community-Acquired
Pneumonia (CAP)?
Definition of CAP
Infection of the lung parenchyma in a
person who is not hospitalized or
living in a long-term care facility for
≥ 2 weeks.
CAP: Diagnosis
Clinical features:
Productive cough, dyspnea, fever,
clinical signs of consolidation
Radiological findings:
Consolidation
“In addition to a constellation of suggestive
clinical features, a demonstrable infiltrate
by chest radiograph or other imaging
technique, with or without supporting
microbiological data, is required for the
diagnosis of pneumonia.”
CAP – Risk Factors for Pneumonia
Elderly
Smoking
COPD
Extreme weather
Overcrowding
Alcoholism
DM
Renal insufficiency
CHF
Chronic liver
disease
Immunossuppresio
n
Loss of
consciousness
Seizures
What is the value of CXR in CAP?
Establish Dx
Evaluation of severity
e.g. multilobar or bilateral, pleural effusion.
Co-existing conditions
e.g. bronchial obstruction, abscess.
Pattern
Infiltrate Patterns and Pathogens
Initial investigations at ER:
Hgb 13.4 gm/dl, Hct 40%.
WBC 15,800/μl with 88% polymorphonuclear
cells, 8% bands.
Na+ 137 mEq/L, K+ 3.7 mEq/L.
BUN 32 mg/dl, creatinine1.8 mg/dl.
RBG 260 mg/dl.
Arterial blood gas (room air):
pH 7.38, PCO 2 53 mmHg, PO 2 58mmHg, O 2 Sat.% 89%
CAP – Management based on PSI Score
Would you hospitalize him?
Assess the ability to safely and reliably take oral
medication & the availability of outpatient support
resources
CURB 65 score
Thorax 2003,58:377
(If study performed)
Pneumonia
Severity Index
(PSI) score
<60mmHg / SO 2 <90%
Calculation of risk assessment (PSI score)
PSI= 146 Class V→ ICU
What testing would you do?
Diagnostic testing
“Recommendations for diagnostic testing remain controversial.”
No convincing data that they improve outcomes.
Outpatient setting: optional
Inpatient setting:
Critically ill CAP
Specific pathogens (suspected)
Diagnostic testing: Critically ill CAP
Sputum: Gram staining and culture.
Blood cultures.
Urinary antigen tests for Legionella &
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
± others
FOB+BAL / Endotracheal tube aspirate
Thoracentesis
TNA
What testing would you do?
Pretreatment:
Sputum: Gram staining and culture.
Expectorated sputum should be deep cough specimen obtained
before antibiotic treatment and it should be rapidly transported and
processed within a few hours of collection.*
Blood cultures (2 sets)
2 sets of blood cultures should be drawn before initiation of
antibiotic therapy during the first 24 hour.*
What treatment would you prescribe?
General & supportive
Therapy
Antibiotic
Fluid / diet
Antipyretics (Paracetamol IV)
Sugar blood chart & Insulin accordingly
Cough syrup
SR theophylline
Inhalation ttt → salbutamol + ipratropium bromide
O2 therapy → NP 2 L/min
Empiric Antibiotic ttt
What antibiotics are appropriate?
CAP: When to start empiric therapy?
As soon as possible in ED
CAP: delay-to-AB> 4h after arrival
Increased mortality
Increased LOS
Recommended empirical antibiotics
for CAP: Inpatient, ICU ttt
b-lactam plus either azithromycin or a
respiratory fluoroquinolone
(cefotaxime, ceftriaxone)
Levofloxacin 750mg/24h + Ceftriaxone 1gm /12h IV
2 hours after ICU admission
Sputum (gram stain)
→Gram-positive diplococcus
Value of Gram stain
First, it broadens initial empirical coverage for less common etiologies,
such as infection with S. aureus or gram-negative organisms. *
Second, it can validate the subsequent sputum culture result. A positive
Gram stain was highly predictive of a subsequent positive culture.*
Day 3
Sputum culture & Sensitivity: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Sensitive→ Cefotaxime, Ceftraixone and Levofloxacin.
Susceptibility testing should guide antibiotic choice when results are
available.
Continue on the same antibiotics
Day 3:
The patient's condition began to improve, but fever persisted.
Day 5:
The patient was a febrile for the first time.
Normal oral intake started.
Cough, dyspnea grade & chest wheezes improved.
Pulse 90 bpm, B/P 140/80.
WBC 6,800/μl with 3% bands.
BUN 18 mg/dl, creatinine1.4 mg/dl, 2 PPBS 170mg/dl.
O 2 Sat.% on RA: 93%.
Transferred to ward.
Switch from intravenous to oral
therapy?
Afebrile
No abnormal GIT absorption
Cough & respiratory distress improved
WBC returning to normal
Levofloxacin 750 mg tab/24hr
Day 8:
Clinically stable
Afebrile for 3days.
CXR: partial resolution.
Blood culture:
No growth up till now.
CAP: Duration of Therapy?
“A minimum of 5 days…
Afebrile for 48-72 h …
No more than 1 CAPassociated sign of
clinical instability’’
Day 9:
Discharged and antibiotic stopped.
Recommendations
ℜ/ pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination
ℜ/ During next influenza season, influenza
vaccination.
ℜ/ ttt COPD & DM.
FU CXR after 1 week.