Case Review *The Uncooperative Patient *Pediatric Cardiac Arrest
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Transcript Case Review *The Uncooperative Patient *Pediatric Cardiac Arrest
Amy Gutman MD
EMS Medical Director
[email protected]
Provide follow-up on interesting calls
Provide positive feedback
Review anatomy, physiology & management of
important clinical conditions
Close the “circle” from prehospital to hospital care
PMH
2004: GSW
L2 incomplete cord transection at L2
Left kidney nephrectomy
Splenorraphy
TBI & seizures
2004: Polymorphic VT requiring defibrillation
Implanted AICD recommended but family
declined
Placed on beta-blocker therapy
Patient physically punched in unknown area
Chest vs neck?
Initially c/o of SOB
Subsequently became unresponsive
Albuterol administered with no improvement
Patient pulseless & apneic at ALS arrival
14:11:03
14:12:28
14:12:53
14:13:13
Call Received
Call Dispatched
Enroute
On Scene
Less than 3 minutes between call & on scene
Statistics show increased survival if less than 5
minutes to patient contact
BLS 1st on Scene: “PT found unconscious. Resp
Arrest, No Pulse. Shocked 2 times. CPR
administered. Report by witnesses said PT hit in
the throat and possibly having an asthma attack.”
ALS Report: “Pt supine on porch, CPR by BLS in
progress. Pt placed in unit. Assessed, Carotid
pulse with spontaneous breathing alebit 6x min.
BVM maintained with oral airway in place to assist
spontaneous respirations. MD notified with no
orders given. Transported L&S to Children’s.”
Confirmed absence of pulse/ respirations
CPR started
2 shocked delivered for VF rhythm (AED)
AED recordings show VF
PEA
VT
Sinus
ROSC & spontaneous respirations post 2nd shock
Hospital Treatment
Patient intubated
Labs including toxicology negative
Head, neck & abdominal CT unremarkable
EKG normal
PICU & Disposition
Due to PMH of VT, concern if arrhythmia was culprit
Cardiology consulted
Echo demonstrated tricuspid regurgitation
Implantable ICD placed prior to discharge
Placed on anti-epileptics for seizure activity
Cardiac rhythm disturbance
secondary to trauma
Usually young people during
sports
Blunt, non-penetrating
precordial impact
transmitted to heart muscle
causing arrhythmia
Pre-existing conditions make
individuals more vulnerable
Treated with AICD & often
antiarrythmics
Dispatch Time: 1420
On Scene : 1426
Upon your arrival, you find a 7 y/o female in the
school office unable to speak but appears to be
lucid & understanding your questions
What is your next step?
Airway
Open, no vocalization
Breathing
18/minute; SPO2 99% ra
Circulation
Pulse is 80
Disability
Awake, alert, but unable to
speak
What is you next step?
S
A
M
P
L
E
Signs Symptoms
Allergies
Medications
PMH
Last oral intake
Events leading up to the emergency
What management is
indicated?
What protocol does
this fall under?
Was leaving this child
on scene the right
thing to do?
Child was admitted to the
ICU at Children’s
MRI demonstrated a
stroke in the “verbal” /
pareital territory
Currently unknown as to
the extent, if any, of
disability
Pediatric Sickle Cell
Altered Mental Status
protocol
Patient refusals
Gut feelings when
dealing with children
Recessive RBC disorder from
abnormal shaped hemoglobin*
Hemoglobin S RBCs become
sickle-shaped with difficulty
passing through small vessels if
“oxidative stress”
Sickle-shaped cells block small
vessels limiting blood-flow
causing ischemic-type pain,
stroke, MI
Terms:
Sickle cell “pain”
Sickle cell “crisis”
Acute Chest Syndrome
Progressive occlusive
disease of the circle of
Willis & feeding arteries
Results in vascular
stenosis & occlusion
Mortality
10% adults, 4.3% childrenfrom cerebral hemorrhage
50-60% affected individuals with gradual deterioration of
cognitive function from recurrent strokes
History
Transient to severe neurologic deficits
Adults commonly hemorrhagic; pediatrics commonly
ischemic
Pediatric SSX
Hemiparesis, sensory impairment, involuntary movements,
headaches, dizziness, seizures, MR, persistent neurologic
deficits
Exam depends on location & severity of hemorrhage or
ischemia
General health maintenance: PCN
prophylaxis, pneumococcus
vaccination, hydroxyurea, folic acid
Multi-disciplinary treatment includes
ABX, analgesia, IVF, surgery,
psychosocial
Transfusions with iron chelation
reduce pain crises, risk of ischemic
complications
Moyamoya treatments are
neurosurgical & anticoagulation
Pediatric AMS should always result in
transportation via EMS
ANY new focal neurological deficit requires
immediate transport
SCD in pediatric patients can be especially
challenging to manage
Clear, cohesive documentation of findings
[email protected]