PEDIATRIC ASSESSMENT
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Transcript PEDIATRIC ASSESSMENT
PEDIATRIC
ASSESSMENT
ESSENTIAL PEDIATRIC NURSING SKILLS
Knowledge of Growth and Development
Development of a Therapeutic Relationship
Communication with children and their parents
Understanding of family dynamics and parent-child
relationships: IDENTIFY KEY FAMILY MEMBERS
Knowledge of Health Promotion & Disease Prevention
Patient Education and Anticipatory Guidance
Practice of Therapeutic and Atraumatic Care
Patient and Family Advocacy
Caring, Supportive & Culturally Sensitive Interactions
Coordination and Collaboration
CRITICAL THINKING
INTRODUCTION
Key elements.
Times:
Every month in the 1st year.
Every 3 month of the 2nd and 3rd year.
Each 6 month of 4th and 5th year.
Yearly after the 6th year.
PHYSICAL EXAM
Avoid touching painful areas until confidence
has been gained.
Begin exam without instruments.
Allow child to determine order of exam if
practical.
Use the same format as adult physical exam.
INFANT EXAM
Examine on parent lap.
Leave diaper on.
Comfort measures such as pacifier or bottle.
Talk softly.
Start with heart and lung sounds.
Ear and throat exam last.
TODDLER EXAM
Examine on parent lap if uncooperative.
Use play therapy.
Distract with stories.
Let toddler play with equipment / BP.
Call by name.
Praise frequently.
Quickly do exam.
HISTORY
Personal Hx., Life styles,
Health Hx. (past and current), and Family Hx.
Bio-graphic Demographic
Name, Date of Birth, Age
Parents & siblings info
Cultural practices
Religious practices
Parents’ occupations
Adolescent – work info
Past Medical History
•Allergies
•Past illness
•Trauma / hospitalizations
•Surgeries
•Birth history
•Developmental
•Family Medical/Genetics
Current Health Status
•Immunization Status
•Chronic illnesses or conditions
•What concerns do you have today?
EQUIPMENT
WHAT’S IN YOUR SETTING?
Stethoscope &
Sphygmomanometer
Pen Light
Otoscope /
Opthalmoscope
Scale
REVIEW OF SYSTEMS
Ask questions about each system
Measurements: weight, height, head
circumference, growth chart, BMI
Nutrition: breastfed, formula, favorite foods,
beverages, eating habits
Growth and Development: Milestones for each
age group
PHYSICAL EXAM TECHNIQUE
Inspection- eye only.
Palpation- tip of finger.
Percussion- use. . .
Dullness (solid organ), resonance (over solid
organ or filled air), tympanic (hollow organ).
Auscultation- stethoscope.
HISTORY: REVIEW OF SYSTEMS
Skin
HEENT
Neck
Chest & Lungs /
Respiratory
Heart &
Cardiovascular
GI
GU
Musculoskeletal
& Extremities
Neuro
Endocrine
Sleep & Activity
Appetite
Bowel & Bladder
PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
The approach is:
Orderly
Systematic
Head-to-toe
But FLEXIBILIY is essential
And be kind and gentle
but firm, direct and honest
PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
General Appearance & Behavior
Facial expression
Posture / movement
Hygiene
Behavior
Developmental Status
VITAL SIGNS
Temperature: rectal only when absolutely
necessary
Pulse: apical on all children under 1 year
Respirations: infant use abdominal muscles
Blood pressure: admission base line
And the “Fifth” Vital Sign is ____ ?
PEDIATRIC VITAL SIGNS – NORMAL
RANGES
Infant
Toddler
School-Age
70-110
60-110
60-100
Respiratory Rate
24-38
22-30
14-22
12-22
Systolic blood pressure
65-100
90-105
90-120
110-125
Diastolic blood pressure
45 - 65
55-70
60-75
65-85
Heart Rate
100- 150
Adolescent
PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT
General
Skin, hair, nails
Head, neck,
lymph nodes
Eyes, ears, nose,
throat
Chest, Tanner Scale
Heart
Abdomen
Genitalia
Rectal
Musculoskeletal: feet,
legs, back, gait
PALPATION
Use of your fingers
and palms to
determine:
Temperature
Hydration
Texture
Shape
Movement
Areas of
Tenderness
Warm hands and
short nails
Palpate areas of
tenderness / pain last
Talk with the child
during palpation to
help him relax
Be observant of
reactions to palpation
Move firmly without
hesitation
H E E N T
Head
Eyes
Ears
Nose
Neck
Throat
HEENT: HEAD & NECK, EYES, EARS, NOSE,
FACE, MOUTH & THROAT
Head: Symmetry of skull and face
Neck: Structure, movement, trachea, thyroid,
vessels and lymph nodes
Eyes: Vision, placement, external and internal
fundoscopic exam
Ears: Hearing, external, ear canal and otoscopic
exam of tympanic membrane
Nose: Structure, exudate, sinuses
Mouth: Structures of mouth, teeth and pharynx
HEAD
Shape:
“NormoCephalic –
ATraumatic”
Lesions
? Edema
HEAD: KEY POINTS
Head Circumference (HC
Fontannels/sutures: Anterior closes at 10-18 months,
posterior by 2 months
Symmetry & shape: Face & skull
Bruits: Temporal bruits may be significant after 5 yrs
Hair: Patterns, loss, hygiene, pediculosis in school
aged child
Sinuses: Palpate for tenderness in older children
Facial expression: Sadness, signs of abuse, allergy,
fatigue
Abnormal facies: “Diagnostic facies” of common
syndromes or illnesses
NEURO ASSESSMENT
LOC / Glasgow coma scale
Pupil size
Vital Signs
Pain
Seizure Activity
Focal Deficits
EYES
Red Reflex
Corneal Light Reflex
Strabismus:
Alignment of eye important due to
correlation with brain development
May need to corrected surgically
Preschoolers should have vision
screening
Refer to ophthalmologist is there
are concerns
o
EYES: KEY POINTS
Vision: Red reflex & blink in neonate
Examine external structure of the:
1- Conjunctiva
2- Sclera- clear
3- Cornea- cover the iris and pupil
4- pupils- compare for size, shape, test for reaction.
5- Iris- color, size and clarity. 6-12 M.
Irritations & infections
EARS: KEY POINTS
Ask about hearing concerns
Inquire about infant’s response to
Observe an older infant’s/toddlers speech pattern
Inspect the ears
•Assess the shape of the ears
Determine if both ears are well formed
•Assess
External shape and size.
Pinna: line, low set ear (retardation).
Internal structure.
EAR EXAM
Pinna is pulled down and back to straighten ear canal in
children under 3 years.
NOSE & THROAT / MOUTH
Exudate
Pharynx
Tonsils
Signs & Symptoms of Allerg
Assess for symmetry,
deformity, skin lesion.
Palpate for septal
deviation.
Smooth and moist, with
pinkish color.
ic Rhinitis
Palate
Gums
Swallow
Oral Hygiene
Condition of teeth
Missing teeth
Orthodontic
Appliances
NOSE: KEY POINTS
Exam nose & mouth after ears
Observe shape & structural deviations
Nares: (check patency, mucous membranes,
discharge, turbinates, bleeding)
Septum: (check for deviation)
Infants are obligate nose breathers
Nasal flaring is associated with respiratory
distress
MOUTH & PHARYNX: KEY POINTS
Lips: color, symmetry, moisture, swelling, sores,
fissures
Buccal mucosa, gingivae, tongue & palate for
moisture, color, intactness, bleeding, lesions.
Tongue & frenulum - movement, size & texture
Teeth - caries, malocclusion and loose teeth.
Uvula: symmetrical movement or bifid uvula
Voice quality, Speech
Breath - halitosis
CHEST
Anatomy.
Inspection: symmetry, movement of chest wall.
Breathing pattern- abdominal breathing.
Palpation:
1- light palpation: in light circular motion to
detect lesion and masses
2- deep palpation: palpate for internal organ
like liver and spleen.
NECK: KEY POINTS
√ position, lymph nodes, masses, fistulas, clefts
Range of Motion (ROM)
Check clavicle in newborn
Head control in infant
Trachea & thyroid in midline
Carotid arteries (bruits)
Meningeal irritation
Chest Assessment
•How does the child look?
•Color
•Work of Breathing: Effort
used to breathe
Auscultation
All 4 quadrants
Front and back
Take the time to listen
Be sure about “lungs CTAB”
(clear to auscultation bilaterally)
LUNGS & RESPIRATORY: KEY POINTS
Clubbing
Snoring (expiratory): upper airway obstruction, allergy,
Dullness to percussion: fluid or mass
Increased or Decreased Respirations
Stridor
Wheezing
CHEST ASSESSMENT
Auscultation
Wheezing
Retractions
Subcostal
Intercostal
Sub-sternal
Supra-clavicular
Red Flags:
grunting
nasal flaring
stridor
ALL THAT WHEEZES
ISN’T ALWAYS ASTHMA…
Think:
Infection
Foreign body aspiration
Anaphylaxis
Insect bites/stings,
medications, food
allergies
AND ALL ASTHMA
DOESN’T ALWAYS WHEEZE!
Cough
Fatigue
Reduced
tolerance
exercise
COUGH - CHARACTERISTICS
Dry, non-productive
Mucousy – productive
Croupy
Acute – less than 2-3 weeks
Chronic – more than 2-3 weeks
Associating Symptoms
Circulatory
•AUSCULTATING HEART SOUNDS
The Auscultation Assistant – Hear Heart Murmurs, Heart Sounds,
and Breath Sounds. http://www.wilkes.med.ucla.edu/inex.htm
Pillitter
•Perfusion – capillary refill
•“Warm to touch”
Gastro-Intestinal
ABDOMINAL ASSESSMENT
Pillitteri
ABDOMEN
Use supine position with pillow under the head
and knee flexed.
Divide abd. to 4 Quadrant, and examine from
button to top.
Examination of the abdomen involve the
inspection, auscultation, palpation and
percussion.
ABDOMEN: KEY POINTS
Contour
Bowel Sounds & Peristalsis
Skin: color, veins
Umbilicus
Assess for Tenderness, Ridigity, Tympany, Dullness
Hernias: umbilical, inguinal, femoral
Masses - size, shape, dullness, position, mobility
Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Bladder
BOWEL SOUNDS
Normal: every 10 to 30 seconds.
Listen in each quadrant long enough to hear at
least one bowel sound.
Absent
Hypoactive
Normoactive
Hyperactive
STOMACHACHES AND
ABDOMINAL PAIN
Excessive gas
Chronic constipation
Lactose intolerance
Viral gastroenteritis
Irritable bowel
syndrome
Heartburn or
indigestion
GERD
Food allergy
Parasite infections
(Giardia)
What are we most concerned about?
Stomachaches and Abdominal Pain
Appendicitis
Bowel obstruction -Cholecystitis with or without
gallstones
Food poisoning
(salmonella, shigella)
Inflammatory Bowel
Disease –
Crohn's disease
Ulcerative colitis
Hernia
Intussusception
Kidney stones
Pancreatitis
Sickle cell crisis
Ulcers
Urinary tract
infections
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Appearance –color, facial, ROM, gait, position
Pain – get your pain scales out
Nausea
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Bloating
Vomiting
Inability to pass gas or stool
Diagnostic breakdown of one year's admissions for
abdominal pain in a district general hospital.
Davenport, M. BMJ 1996;312:498-501
Copyright ©1996 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.
Bottom Line: Acute or Not
Soft, non-tender,
non-distended
no rebound, no HSM,
no mass,
BS NA x 4Q
Can the child hop?
Ball & Bindler
MUSCULO-SKELETAL
neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, ankle, foot,
digits
Alignment, contour, strength, weakness & symmetry
Limb, joint mobility: stiffness, contractures
Gait – observe child walking without shoes
Spinal alignment - Scoliosis
Muscle Strength & Tone
Hips – O & B
Reflexes
Pre-Participation Sports P.E. –
NJ’s new guidelines:
http://www.state.nj.us/education/districts/ppeq.doc
SCOLIOSIS
Lateral curvature of spine
Key Points:
•Barefoot
•Feet Together
•Bend Over –
•Check Hips
Medline.com
SKIN, NAILS & HAIR
Rashes
Lesions
Lacerations
Lumps
Bumps
Bruises
Bites
Infections
COMMON SKIN LESIONS
Macule
Papule
Vesicle, bulla
Pustule
Cyst
Patch
Plaque
Wheal
Striae
Capillary
Scale
Crust
Keloid
Fissure
Ulcer
Petechiae
Purpura
Ecchymosis
bleeding: Petichiae and purpura
usually indicate serious conditions
SKIN INFECTIONS
Bacterial infections
Abscess formation
Severity varies with skin integrity, immune and
cellular defenses
Examples:
impetigo
cellulitis
THE SCHOOL-AGE CHILD
Privacy and modesty.
Explain procedures
and equipment.
Interact with child
during exam.
ADOLESCENT
Privacy issues – first
consideration
HEADS: home life,
education, alcohol,
drugs, sexual activity
/ suicide
GAPS Guidelines for
Adolescent
Preventive Services
Bright Futures
PSYCHOSOCIAL
ASSESSMENT
HEADS
Home life
Emotions /
Depression or
Education
Activities
Drugs / Alcohol /
Substance
Abuse
Sexuality
activity or
Suicide
SHADESS
•School
•Home
•Activities
•Drugs / Substance
Abuse
•Emotions /
Depression
•Sexuality
•Safety
COMMON SCHOOL HEALTH
FOCUSED ASSESSMENTS
The “I don’t feel good”
– where do I begin?
Behavioral / Mental
Health Concerns
Chronic Conditions &
Special Needs
What Else?
COMMON SCHOOL HEALTH
FOCUSED ASSESSMENTS
Emergencies & Trauma –
Allergic Reactions,
Asthma, Head, Abdomen,
Limb, Other
Skin – Rashes, Lacerations,
Lumps, Bumps & Bruises
The Frequent Fliers –
Headaches, Stomachaches,
Chest Pain, Coughs &
Fevers
Other HEENT
EMERGENCIES & TRAUMA
Allergic
Reactions
Asthma
Head
Abdomen
Limb
Other
BEHAVIORAL / MENTAL HEALTH
CONCERNS
Developmental
Delays
Depression
Aggressive
Behaviors
Suicide Risks
Other Mental Health Issues
CHRONIC CONDITIONS & SPECIAL
NEEDS
Asthma
Diabetes
Neuro – seizures
Sickle Cell Anemia
Cerebral Palsy
ADHD
References
Jan Chandler RN, MSN, CNS, PNP Pediatric Nursing: Nursing Care of
Children and Young Adults: Pediatric Physical Assessment
Colyar, M. Well Child Assessment for Primary Care Providers. Philadelphia,
PA: F.A. Davis Company.
Duderstadt, K. Pediatric Physical Examination.
St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc.
Engel, J. Pediatric Assessment 5th. Ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc.
Wong’s Essentials of Pediatric Nursing 8th ed.
AAP Preparticipation Physical Evaluation. Available @ www.aap.org
Resource Manual for the Nurse in the School Setting http://www.emsc.org/school/frameschool.htm
American Medical Association Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive
Services (GAPS) http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2280.html
American School Health Association http://www.ashaweb.org
The Auscultation Assistant @ http://www.wilkes.med.ucla.edu/intro.html
BMI Calculator: http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi /
2007 Asthma Guidelines:
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/index.htm
WE KNOW
IT’S A JUNGLE OUT THERE!
THE POWER OF NURSING
Never doubt how vitally important you are;
never doubt how important your work is –
and never expect anyone to acknowledge it
before you do.
Every moment, in everything you do,
you are making a difference.
In fact, you are in the business of making a
difference in other people’s lives.
In that difference lies their healing
and
your power.
Never forget it.
Leah L. Curtin, RN, MS, MA, DSC, FAAN