Transcript Unit 13, Therapies

Myers’ Psychology for AP*
Unit 13:
Therapies
David G. Myers
Some PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Worth Publishers, © 2010
*AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
OBJECTIVES:
The student will know and
understand the Treatment of Psychological Disorders
discusses intervention methods, including
psychotherapy and medical interventions, that mental
health practitioners use in treating abnormal conditions.
The student should be able to:
1)discuss the aims and methods of psychoanalysis and
explain the critics’ concerns with this form of therapy
noting how psychodynamic therapists have tried to
answer the criticisms.
2) Identify the basic characteristics of the humanistic
therapies as well as the specific goals and techniques
of client-centered therapy.
3) Identify the basic assumptions of behavior therapy, and
discuss the classical conditioning techniques of systematic
desensitization and aversive conditioning.
4) Describe therapeutic applications of operant
conditioning principles, and explain the critics’ concerns
with this behavior modification process.
5) Describe the assumptions and goals of the cognitive
therapies and their application to the treatment of
depression
6) Discuss the rationale and benefits of group therapy,
including family therapy.
7) Discuss the findings regarding the effectiveness of the
psychotherapies, and explain why ineffective therapies are
often mistakenly perceived to be of value.
8) Describe the commonalities among the psychotherapies,
and discuss the role of values and cultural differences in the
therapeutic process.
9) Identify the common forms of drug therapy
10) Describe the use of electroconvulsive therapy and
psychosurgery in the treatment of psychological disorders
11) Explain the rationale of preventive mental health
programs.
Unit 13:
Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Unit Overview
The Psychological Therapies
Evaluating Psychotherapies
The Biomedical Therapies
Preventing Psychological
Disorders
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the
Introduction
History of treatment
Philippe Pinel
Dorothea Dix
Psychotherapy
Eclectic approach
Philippe Pinel
Born: April 20, 1745, Jonquières, Tarn
Died: October 25, 1826, Paris
Education: University of Toulouse
Philippe Pinel was a French physician
who was instrumental in the development
of a more humane psychological
approach to the custody and care of
psychiatric patients, referred to today as
moral therapy. (Wikipedia)
History of Treatment
Dorthea Dix
(1802-1887) was
the first person to
call attention to
the inhumane
treatment of
mentally ill
patients in the
United States.
Therapy
Psychotherapy
an emotionally charged, confiding interaction
between a trained therapist and someone
who suffers from psychological difficulties
(250 types)
Eclectic Approach
uses techniques from various forms of
therapy (biopsychosocial)
The Psychological Therapies
*Psychoanalytic Therapy
(change inside the mind)
*Humanistic Therapy (change the
way people see themselves)
*Behavioral Therapy (change things
outside the individual)
*Cognitive Therapy (change the way
people think and perceive)
*Group Therapy (change the way
people interact)
*Biomedical Therapy (change
structure or function of the brain)
Psychotherapy
Insight Therapies
Psychodynamic
Therapies
Humanistic
Therapies
Cognitive
Therapies
Freudian
Psychoanalysis
Group
Therapies
Neo-Freudian
Psychoanalysis
Behavior Therapies
Therapies based
on operant
conditioning
Therapies based
on classical
conditioning
Therapies based
on observational
conditioning
A recent APA task force found that
therapy is most successful when
the therapist provides the Rogerian
qualities of empathy, positive
regard, genuineness and feedback.
*Psychoanalytic
Therapy
(change inside the
mind)
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
Aims of therapy
Childhood impulses and conflicts
Psychoanalysis
Methods
Methods
Free association
Resistance
Interpretation of
the meaning
Dream analysis
Transference
Psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis
*Freud
*free associations, resistances, dreams, and
transferences
* uses the therapist’s interpretations released
previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to
gain self-insight
*use has rapidly decreased in recent years
*brings repressed feelings into conscious awareness
*Resistance --blocking from consciousness of
anxiety-laden material
*joking, changing the subject, mind goes blank
Psychoanalysis
*Interpretation
*the analyst’s noting supposed dream
meanings, resistances, and other significant
behaviors in order to promote insight
*Transference
*the patient’s transfer of emotions to the
analyst linked with other relationships
e.g. love or hatred for a parent
Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic Therapy
Psychodynamic therapy
Aims of psychodynamic therapy
Similarities with psychoanalysis
Differences with psychoanalysis
*Humanistic
Therapy (change
the way people see
themselves)
Humanistic Therapies
Insight therapies focus more on:
the present rather than the past
conscious rather than the
unconscious
taking immediate responsibility
promoting growth instead of curing
Humanistic Therapies
Client-centered therapy
Nondirective therapy
Genuineness, acceptance, and
empathy
Active listening
Paraphrase
Invite clarification
Reflect feelings
Unconditional positive regard
Humanistic Therapy
Client-Centered Therapy
*humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers
*therapist uses techniques such as active
listening within a genuine, accepting,
empathic environment
Humanistic Therapy
Active Listening (a.k.a: reflection of feeling)
empathetic listening in which the listener echoes,
restates, and clarifies
*Behavioral
Therapy (change
things outside the
individual)
Behavior Therapies
Behavior Therapy
Classical conditioning techniques
Operant conditioning techniques
Behavior Therapies
Classical Conditioning Therapies
Counterconditioning
Exposure therapies
Systematic desensitization
Virtual reality exposure therapy
Aversive conditioning
Behavior Therapy
Behavior Therapy
*applies learning principles to the elimination
of unwanted behaviors
*Counterconditioning
*procedure that conditions new responses to
stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors
*based on classical conditioning
*includes systematic desensitization and
aversive conditioning, exposure therapy
Behavior Therapy
Exposure Therapy
*treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or
reality) to the things they fear and avoid
Behavior Therapy
*Systematic Desensitization
*type of counterconditioning
*associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually
increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli
*commonly used to treat phobias
*Aversive Conditioning
*type of counterconditioning that associates an
unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior
*nausea ---> alcohol
Behavior Therapy
Systematic Desensitization
Behavior Therapy
UCS
(drug)
Aversion
therapy
for
alcoholics
UCR
(nausea)
CS
(alcohol)
UCS
(drug)
UCR
(nausea)
CS
(alcohol)
CR
(nausea)
Behavior Therapy
*Token Economy
*an operant conditioning procedure that
rewards desired behavior
*patient exchanges a token of some sort,
earned for exhibiting the desired behavior, for
various privileges or treats
*Cognitive
Therapy (change
the way people think
and perceive)
Cognitive Therapies
Cognitive therapy
Beck’s therapy for depression
Catastrophizing beliefs
Cognitivebehavioral
therapy
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapy
*teaches people new, more adaptive ways of
thinking and acting
*based on the assumption that thoughts
intervene between events and our
emotional reactions
Cognitive Therapy
The
Cognitive
Revolution
Cognitive Therapy
Lost job
Internal beliefs:
I’m worthless.
It’s hopeless.
Depression
Lost job
A cognitive
perspective
on
psychological
disorders
Internal beliefs:
My boss is a jerk.
I deserve something better.
No
depression
Cognitive Therapy
Depression
scores
30
25
Cognitive
therapy for
depression
Waiting list
patients
20
15
10
Cognitive
training patients
Cognitive training
patients much
less depressed
5
0
Pre-therapy
test
Post-therapy
test
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
*a popular integrated therapy that combines
cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating
thinking) with behavior therapy (changing
behavior)
Cognitive Therapy
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
*Albert Ellis
*help eliminate self-defeating though patterns
Malajusted individuals base their lives on
unrealistic values and unachievable goals.
*leads to unrealistic expectations (ALWAYS
succeed, ALWAYS be pleasant, ALWAYS
receive approval, et.al.)
(1913-2007)
*Ellis warns, “Don’t “should” on yourself.”
PhD: Columbia
University
Albert Ellis
Institute, NYC
TWELVE STEP PROGRAMS
Twelve-step methods have been adopted to address a wide
range of substance-abuse and dependency problems. Over
200 self-help organizations–often known as fellowships—
with a worldwide membership of millions—now employ
twelve-step principles for recovery.
*Narcotics Anonymous
*Cocaine Anonymous
*Crystal Meth Anonymous
*Pills Anonymous
*Marijuana Anonymous
*Gamblers Anonymous
*Overeaters Anonymous
*Sexaholics Anonymous
*Sexual Compulsives Anonymous
*Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous
*Clutterers Anonymous
*Debtors Anonymous
*Workaholics Anonymous
TWELVE STEP PROGRAMS
Auxiliary groups such as Al-Anon and Nar-Anon, for
friends and family members of alcoholics and addicts,
respectively, are part of a response to treating addiction as
a disease that is enabled by family systems.
CoDependents Anonymous (CoDA) addresses compulsions
related to relationships, referred to as codependency.
(coda.org)
TWELVE STEP PROGRAMS
These are the original Twelve Steps as published by Alcoholics Anonymous:
1)We admitted we were powerless over alcohol—that our lives had
become unmanageable.
2) Came to believe that a Power greater than ourselves could restore us
to sanity.
3) Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of God
as we understood Him.
4) Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves.
5) Admitted to God, to ourselves, and to another human being the exact
nature of our wrongs.
6) Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of
character.
TWELVE STEP PROGRAMS
7)Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings.
8) Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make
amends to them all.
9) Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when
to do so would injure them or others.
10) Continued to take personal inventory, and when we were wrong,
promptly admitted it.
11) Sought through prayer and meditation to improve our conscious
contact with God as we understood Him, praying only for knowledge of
His will for us and the power to carry that out.
12) Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we
tried to carry this message to alcoholics, and to practice these principles
in all our affairs
*Group
Therapy (change
the way people
interact)
Group and Family Therapies
Group therapy
Family therapy
Group Therapies
Family Therapy
treats the family as a system
views an individual’s unwanted behaviors as
influenced by or directed at other family
members
attempts to guide family members toward
positive relationships and improved
communication
*Biomedical
Therapy (change
structure or function
of the brain)
Introduction
Biomedical therapy
Drugs
Electroconvulsive therapy
Magnetic impulses
Psychosurgery
Psychiatrist
Drug Therapies
Psychopharmacology
Factors to consider with drug
therapy
Normal recovery rate of untreated
patients
Placebo effect
Double blind procedure
Biomedical Therapies
Psychopharmacology
*study of the effects of drugs on mind and
behavior
*changes the brain’s chemistry
Biomedical Therapies
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS (tranquilizers):
*suppress hallucinations
*cooperative, calm and sociable
*reduces activity of neurotransmitter, dopamine
*chlorpromazine, haloperidol (block dopamine receptors
*clozapine (decreases dopamine activity AND increases
serotonin activity)
* causes negative side-effects
* tardive dyskinesia (incurable disturbance of
motor control)
*agranulocytosis (blood disease/bone marrow
dysfunction)
Drug Therapies
Antipsychotic Drugs
Antipsychotic drugs
Psychoses
Chlorpromazine
(Thorazine)
Dopamine
Tardive dyskinesia
Atypical antipsychotics
(Clozaril)
Biomedical Therapies
ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS:
*increases activity of brain pathway messages using
norepinephrine and serotonin.
*Tricyclic compounds (Tofranil, Elavil) reduce the
neuron’s reabsorption of neurotransmitters after they
are released
*SSRI’s (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) focus
on the reuptake of serotonin (Prozac)
*MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors limit activity of
MAO, a chemical that breaks down norepinephrine in the
synapse.
*takes a few weeks for antidepressants to take effect.
*concern over suicide
Drug Therapies
Antidepressant Drugs
Antidepressant drugs
Use with mood and anxiety disorders
Fluoxetine (Prozac), Paxil
Selective-serotonin-reuptake inhibitors
Neurogenesis
Side effects of
antidepressants
Biomedical Therapies
Drug Therapies
Antidepressant Drugs
Biomedical Therapies
*Lithium carbonide-- chemical that
provides an effective drug therapy for the
mood swings of bipolar (manic-depressive)
disorders
*not JUST an antidepressant
*toxic in high concentrations
Drug Therapies
Mood-Stabilizing Medications
Mood-stabilizing medications
Lithium
Depakote
Used to treat
various
seizure
disorders,
mania,
migraines.
Biomedical Therapies
ANTIANXIETY DRUGS:
*reduce stress and anxiety associated with everyday
hassles
*barbiturates (CNS depressant) can be dangerous
*benzodiazepines (increase activity of
neurotransmitter, GABA) (Valium, Xanax)
*can be addicting
*should not be taken for more than a few days at a
time
*can impair ability to drive, operate machinery or take
exams
*if combined with alcohol, can lead to unconsciousness
or death
Drug Therapies
Antianxiety Drugs
Antianxiety drugs
Xanax, Ativan,
D-cycloserine
Physiological
dependence
Biomedical Therapies
STIMULANTS:
*used for treating ADHD (attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder) (Ritalin, Statera,
Adderall)
*increases availability of dopamine, glutamate
and/or serotonin
*can slow growth of children
Drug Therapies
Biomedical Therapies
Biomedical Therapies
Psychosurgery
*surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort
to change behavior
*rarely used today
*Split-brain operation (severed fibers of corpus collosum
reducing seizures for epilepsy patients)
*Prefrontal lobotomy (now-rare psychosurgical
procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or
violent patients)
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
*therapy for severely depressed patients in which a
electric current (75 to 100 volts) is sent briefly (onetenth to a full second) through the brain of an
anesthetized patient
*creates memory deficits
Psychosurgery
Psychosurgery
Lobotomy
History
Procedure
Side effects
Use today
Biomedical Therapies
Electroconvulsive
Therapy
-Procedure
-Severe
depression
Problems/si
de effects
Brain Stimulation
Alternative Neurostimulation Therapies
Magnetic Stimulation
Repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulations
(rTMS)
Deep-Brain
Stimulation
Brain Stimulation
Alternative Neurostimulation Therapies
Therapeutic Life-Style Change
Integrated biopsychosocial system
Therapeutic life-style change
Aerobic exercise
Adequate sleep
Light exposure
Social connection
Anti-rumination
Nutritional supplements
Evaluating Psychotherapies
Comparison of Psychotherapies
Evaluating
Psychotherapies
Evaluating Psychotherapies
Hans Eysenck
*British psychologist
*controversial claim
*2/3 of all people with nonpsychotic
problems recover within 2 years
whether they get therapy or not.
*the discoveries made to refute this
claim underscore the importance of
REPLICATION in research
Evaluating Psychotherapies
Regression toward the mean
 tendency for extremes of unusual
scores to fall back (regress) toward
their average
Does Therapy Work?
Meta-analysis
procedure for statistically combining the results
of many different research studies
Number of
persons
Average
untreated
person
Poor outcome
80% of untreated people have poorer
outcomes than average treated person
Average
psychotherapy
client
Good outcome
CONSENSUS AND CONTROVERSY ON
EFFECTIVE THERAPIES:
Behavior therapy:
specific phobias, enuresis (bedwetting),
autism, alcoholism
Cognitive-behavioral therapy:
chronic pain, anorexia, bulimia,
agoraphobia, depression
Insight therapy:
couples’ relationship problems
Is Psychotherapy Effective?
Regression toward the mean
Client’s perceptions
Clinician’s
perceptions
Outcome research
Meta-analysis
Placebo treatments
The Relative Effectiveness of Different
Therapies
Evidence-based practice
Evaluating Alternative Therapies
Eye movement desensitization
and reprocessing (EMDR)
Light exposure therapy
Seasonal
affective
disorder
(SAD)
Commonalities Among Psychotherapies
Hope for demoralized people
A new perspective
An empathic,
trusting, caring
relationship
Culture and Values in Psychotherapy
Similarities between cultures
Differences between cultures
*Types of
Therapists
*Clinical Psychologists
*Clinical Social Worker
*Psychiatric Social Worker
*Counselors (marriage,
pastoral, abuse)
*Psychiatrist
Types of Therapists
Who Does Therapy?
To whom do people
turn for help for
psychological
difficulties?
Many people look to
friends, clergy,
hairdressers,
bartenders, and others
with whom they have a
trusting relationship
Most mental problems result from lost jobs, difficult marriages,
misbehaving children, friendships gone sour, loved ones
dying……..things involving chaos, confusion, choice,
frustration, stress, and loss.
Who Does Therapy?
Clinical psychologists
Most are psychologists with a Ph.D. and
expertise in research, assessment, and
therapy, supplemented by a supervised
internship.
About half work in agencies and institutions,
half in private practice.
Who Does Therapy?
Clinical or Psychiatric social worker
*A two-year Master of Social Work graduate
program plus postgraduate supervision
prepares some social workers to offer
psychotherapy, mostly to people with
everyday personal and family problems.
*About half have earned the National
Association of Social Workers’ designation of
clinical social worker.
Who Does Therapy?
Counselors
*Marriage and family counselors specialize
in problems arising from family relations.
*Pastoral counselors provide counseling to
countless people.
*Abuse counselors work with substance
abusers and with spouse and child abusers
and their victims.
Who Does Therapy?
Psychiatrists
*Physicians who specialize in the treatment of
psychological disorders.
*Not all psychiatrists have had extensive
training in psychotherapy, but as M.D.s they
can prescribe medications. Thus, they
tend to see those with the most serious
problems.
*Many have a private practice.
Preventing Psychological
Disorders
Preventing Psychological Disorders
Resilience
Preventing
psychological disorders
QUESTIONS FOR
REVIEW
RECALL
1) People in collectivist cultures are likely to view
mental disorders as a symptom of something
wrong in
a) The unconscious mind
b) A person’s behavior, rather than in the mind
c) A person’s relationship with family or community
d) A person’s character
e) A person’s attitude
RECALL
2) A therapist, but not necessarily a friend, can be
relied on to
a) maintain confidentiality
b) give you good advice
c) offer sympathy when you are feeling depressed
d) be available when needed
e) all of the above
APPLICATION
3) Which of the following therapists would be most
likely to treat an unwanted response, such as nail
biting, as merely a bad habit, rather than as a
symptom of an underlying disorder?
a) A psychoanalyst
b) A psychologist
c) An insight therapist
d) A group therapist
e) A behavioral therapist
UNDERSTANDING THE CORE CONCEPT
4) In what respect are all therapies alike?
a) All may be legally administered only by licensed,
trained professionals
b) All make use of insight into a patient’s problems
c) All involve the aim of altering the mind, behavior, or
social relationships
d) All focus on discovering the underlying cause of the
patient’s problem, which is often hidden in the
unconscious mind
e) All involve a change in an individual’s behavior
RECALL
5) Counterconditioning is based on the principles of
a) Operant conditioning
b) Classical conditioning
c) Social learning
d) Cognitive learning
e) Observational learning
APPLICATION
6) You could use contingency management to change
the behavior of a child who comes home late for
dinner by
a) Pairing food with punishment
b) Having the child observe someone else coming home
on time and being rewarded
c) Pairing food with rewards
d) Having the child relax and imagine being home on
time for dinner
e) Refusing to let the child have dinner
RECALL
7) A primary goal of psychoanalysis is to
a) Change behavior
b) Reveal problems in the unconscious
c) Overcome low self-esteem
d) Help the client learn how to get along with others
e) Alter interior thought processes
RECALL
8) Carl Rogers invented a technique to help people
see their own thinking more clearly. Using this
technique, the therapist paraphrases the client’s
statements. Rogers called this
a) Client-centered therapy
b) Reflection of feeling
c) Unconditional positive regard
d) Self-actualization
e) Analysis
RECALL
9) Which form of therapy directly confronts a client’s
self-defeating thought patterns?
a) Humanistic therapy
b) Behavioral therapy
c) Participant therapy
d) Psychoanalytical therapy
e) Rational-emotive behavior therapy
RECALL
10) Eysenck caused a furor with his claim that people
who receive psychotherapy
a) Are just looking for a paid friend
b) Really should seek medical treatment for their
disorders
c) Are usually just pampered rich people who have
nothing better to do with their lives
d) Get better no more often than people who receive no
therapy at all
e) Respond only to psychoanalysis
UNDERSTANDING THE CORE CONCEPT
11) A phobia would be best treated by ____, whereas
a problem of choosing a major would be better
suited for ____.
a) Behavioral therapy/insight therapy
b) Cognitive therapy/psychoanalysis
c) Insight therapy/behavioral therapy
d) Humanistic therapy/behavioral therapy
e) Psychoanalysis/humanistic therapy
RECALL
12) Which class of drug blocks dopamine receptors
in the brain?
a) Antipsychotics
b) Antidepressants
c) Antianxiety drugs
d) Stimulants
e) depressants
RECALL
13) A controversial treatment for attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder involves
a) Antipsychotics
b) Antidepressants
c) Antianxiety drugs
d) Stimulants
e) Depressants
RECALL
14) Which of the following medical treatments for
mental disorder has now been largely abandoned
as ineffective and dangerous?
a) Electroconvulsive therapy
b) Lithium
c) Prefrontal lobotomy
d) The “split-brain” operation
e) antipsychotics
RECALL
15) The community mental health movement followed
a deliberate plan of _____ mental patients.
a) Hospitalizing
b) Deinstitutionalizing
c) Administering insight therapy to
d) Removing stressful events in the lives of
e) lobotomizing
UNDERSTANDING THE CORE CONCEPT
16) Drug therapies, psychosurgery, and ECT are all
methods of treating mental disorder
a) By changing the chemistry in the body
b) By removing stress in the patient’s life
c) That always succeed
d) That have no scientific basis
e) By directly altering the function of the brain.
MATCHING
A) Psychoanalysis
F) Psychoparmacology
B) Client-centered therapy
G) REBT
C) Cognitive therapy
H) Antianxiety drugs
D) Behavior therapy
I) Stimulant
E) Aversion therapy
D
______
17. This therapy is essentially based on
operant and classical conditioning.
MATCHING
A) Psychoanalysis
F) Psychoparmacology
B) Client-centered therapy
G) REBT
C) Cognitive therapy
H) Antianxiety drugs
D) Behavior therapy
I) Stimulant
E) Aversion therapy
F
______
18. This therapy involves the prescribed
use of drugs to help treat symptoms of mental
illness so that individuals are more receptive to talk
therapies.
MATCHING
A) Psychoanalysis
F) Psychoparmacology
B) Client-centered therapy
G) REBT
C) Cognitive therapy
H) Antianxiety drugs
D) Behavior therapy
I) Stimulant
E) Aversion therapy
B
______
19. This therapy emphasizes an
individual’s tendency for healthy psychological
growth.
MATCHING
A) Psychoanalysis
F) Psychoparmacology
B) Client-centered therapy
G) REBT
C) Cognitive therapy
H) Antianxiety drugs
D) Behavior therapy
I) Stimulant
E) Aversion therapy
H
______
20. This is the category of drugs that
includes benzodiazepines and barbituates.
MATCHING
A) Psychoanalysis
F) Psychoparmacology
B) Client-centered therapy
G) REBT
C) Cognitive therapy
H) Antianxiety drugs
D) Behavior therapy
I) Stimulant
E) Aversion therapy
G
______
21. This type of therapy is based on Albert
Ellis’s form of cognitive therapy.
MATCHING
A) Psychoanalysis
F) Psychoparmacology
B) Client-centered therapy
G) REBT
C) Cognitive therapy
H) Antianxiety drugs
D) Behavior therapy
I) Stimulant
E) Aversion therapy
A
______
22. The goal of this therapy is to release
conflicts and memories from the unconscious.
MATCHING
A) Psychoanalysis
F) Psychoparmacology
B) Client-centered therapy
G) REBT
C) Cognitive therapy
H) Antianxiety drugs
D) Behavior therapy
I) Stimulant
E) Aversion therapy
E
______
23. This therapy pairs an attractive
stimulus with an aversive one in order to condition
revulsion.
MATCHING
A) Psychoanalysis
F) Psychoparmacology
B) Client-centered therapy
G) REBT
C) Cognitive therapy
H) Antianxiety drugs
D) Behavior therapy
I) Stimulant
E) Aversion therapy
I
______
24. Chemical compounds that increase
activity level by encouraging communication
among neurons in the brain.
MATCHING
A) Psychoanalysis
F) Psychoparmacology
B) Client-centered therapy
G) REBT
C) Cognitive therapy
H) Antianxiety drugs
D) Behavior therapy
I) Stimulant
E) Aversion therapy
C
______
25. This therapy focuses on rational
thinking as the key to treating mental disorders.
UNDERSTANDING THE CORE CONCEPT
26) Despite the differences between various types of
therapy, all therapeutic strategies are designed to
a) make the client feel better about him- or herself.
b) help the individual fit better into his or her society
c) change the individual’s functioning in some way
d) educate the person without interfering with his or her
usual patterns of behavior.
e) utilize medication in arriving at a final theory.
RECALL
27) While professionals with somewhat different
training and orientations can provide similar forms
of therapy in which all of the following groups are
trained practitioners, only ____ on the list below are
qualified to prescribe medications for the treatment
of mental or behavioral disorders.
a) Neuropharmacologists
b) Psychiatric social workers
c) Psychologists
d) Psychotherapists
e) Psychiatrists
APPLICATION
29) Lola has an irrational fear of speaking in front of
others. With the support of her instructor and her
entire psychology class, Lola confronts her fear by
standing alone in front of her classmates and
talking about her phobia. This strategy of placing
the individual in the dreaded situation is called
a) Exposure therapy
b) Catharsis
c) Insight therapy
d) Social-learning therapy
e) Group
APPLICATION
30) To teach his young daughter not to be afraid to
swim, a father tells her to “Watch me” as he wades
into the surf, then rolls with the waves and finally
invites her to join him if she wants to try. In
behavioral therapy, this technique is known as
a) Clinical ecology
b) Counterconditioning
c) Behavioral rehearsal
d) Participant modeling
e) Systematic desensitization
RECALL
31) A patient finds herself feeling personally fond of
her therapist, who reminds her of her father. This is
an example of psychoanalytic process known as
a) Resistance
b) Reaction formation
c) Regression
d) Negative transference
e) Transference
RECALL
32) Valium, a drug with a high “abuse potential” is
classified as an ___ medication
a) Antianxiety
b) Antidepressant
c) Antipsychotic
d) Antihistamine
e) Stimulant
APPLICATION
33) Which of the following problems might best be
corrected through rational-emotive behavior
therapy (REBT)?
a) An addicted smoker wants to quit
b) A young man has an extreme fear of heights
c) An average-weight woman diets constantly, believing
that she must be thin in order to have anyone love her
d) A patient complains of continual “voices” in his head
telling him that people are trying to harm him.
e) An elderly male has memory problems.
RECALL
34) Which of the following statements about
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is true?
a) Proper ECT applies a very strong electric current diretly
to a patient’s brain without the need for sedatives or
anesthetic medication.
b) Some studies have found ECT to be effective in the
treatment of severe depression.
c) ECT is known to work by increasing the stimulation of a
particular neurotransmitter in the brain
d) ECT works best with manic patients
e) ECT is a sure way to “cure” resistant depression.
Show
THE MIND
#34 Treating Depression:
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
And
THE WORLD OF AbNORMAL
BEHAVIOR:
#22 Psychotherapies