Transcript Respiratory System

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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Health Science 1
THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Objectives
30-1 Explain the functions of the respiratory system.
30-2 Explain the difference between internal and external respiration.
30-3 Describe how the larynx produces voice sounds.
30-4 List the structures contained within the lungs.
30-5 Describe the coverings of the lungs and chest cavity.
30-6 Describe the events that lead to the inspiration and expiration of air.
30-7 Explain how the brain controls breathing and how normal breathing
patterns can be disrupted.
30-8 List and explain various respiratory volumes and tell how they are used
to diagnose respiratory problems.
30-9 Describe how oxygen is transported from the lungs to body cells.
30-10 Describe how carbon dioxide is transported from body cells to the lungs.
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30-11 Describe the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of various
respiratory disorders and diseases.
THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
The major function of the respiratory system is
ventilation (breathing).
 Deliver oxygen (O2) to the bloodstream and
 Remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the
bloodstream.
Make speech possible
O2
Exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide
O2
O2
CO2
CO2
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CO2
ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Organs of the
respiratory system:
 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchial tree
 Lungs
 Alveoli
 Diaphragm 4
ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(CONT.)
The Nasal Cavity
 Nasal septum
divides the cavity
into right and left
portions

Mucous
membrane warms
and moistens the
air and cilia helps
eliminate
particles
The Paranasal
Sinuses

These are air-filled
spaces within the
skull bones

Serve to reduce
weight of the skull
and give your voice
a certain tone
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ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(CONT.)
 The Pharynx
 An organ of both the respiratory and digestive
system
 The Larynx
 Larynx also called the “voice box”
 Moves air in and out of the trachea, and
produces voice
 Composed of three cartilages:
 Thyroid cartilage
 Epiglottic cartilage
 Cricoid cartilage
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ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM (CONT.)
Vocal Cords
 Stretched between the
thyroid cartilage and the
cricoid cartilage
 Upper vocal cords are false
cords and lower vocal cords
are true vocal cords.
 The glottis is the opening
between the vocal cords
 The more vocal cords are
stretched, the higher the
voice pitch.
Posterior
Portion
of
Tongue
Glottis
False
Vocal
Cords
True
Vocal
Cords
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ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(CONT.)
Trachea
Trachea
 Referred to as the windpipe
 Tubular organ made of rings of
cartilage and smooth muscle
 Lined with cells possessing cilia
 Extends from the larynx to the
bronchi.
Cilia moves mucus up to the
throat where it is swallowed.
Smoking destroys cilia.
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ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(CONT.)
• Cone-shaped organs
• Right lung has three lobes and the left
lung has two lobes
• The membranes surrounding the lungs is
called the pleura
The lungs contain connective tissue, the bronchial tree, nerves, lymphatic
vessels and blood vessels.
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APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Which of the following sites would be the most lethal if
obstructed by a foreign body?
a. Right bronchus
b. Left bronchiole
c. Trachea
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APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE
- ANSWER
Which of the following sites would be the most lethal if
obstructed by a foreign body?
a. Right bronchus
b. Left bronchiole
c. Trachea
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SNORING
 Occurs due to vibration of soft tissues when muscles of
the palate, tongue and throat relax.
 Affects approximately 50% of men and 25% of women
over the age of 40.
 Causes daytime sleepiness and may be associated with
sleep apnea.
Common Causes
• enlargement of tonsils or adenoids
• being overweight
• alcohol consumption
• nasal congestion
• deviated nasal septum
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 Continuous
positive airway
pressure therapy (CPAP) uses
a machine to help a person
who has obstructive sleep
apnea (OSA) breathe more
easily during sleep. A CPAP
machine increases air
pressure in your throat so
that your airway doesn't
collapse when you breathe in.
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SNORING (CONT.)

Lifestyle Modifications to Reduce Snoring





Lose weight
Change sleeping position
Avoid using alcohol or medications that induce sleep
Use nasal strips to widen the nasal passages
Use dental devices to keep airways open
Some patients may require surgery to remove excess soft
tissue or a portion of the soft palate.
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SNORING (CONT.)
 Mayo Clinic’s Sleep Disorders Center rating of snoring:
Heard from close proximity
Heard from anywhere in the bedroom
Heard from just outside the bedroom door
with door open
Heard outside the bedroom door with the
door closed
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 Internal
respiration refers to the exchange of
gases between the blood capillaries and the
tissues/cells of the body.
 External
respiration, commonly known as
breathing, is the exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between an animal and its environment
 Cellular
respiration allows organisms to use
(release) energy stored in the chemical bonds of
glucose. The energy in glucose is used to produce
ATP. Cells use ATP to supply their energy needs.
Cellular respiration is therefore a process in
which the energy in glucose is transferred to
ATP
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THE MECHANISMS OF BREATHING
Inspiration
• Air rich in O2 enters the lungs
from the atmosphere
• The diaphragm contracts or flattens
• The intercostal muscles raise the
ribs
Expiration
• Air rich in C0 2 exits the lungs
• The diaphragm relaxes
• The intercostal muscles lower the ribs
Breathing or pulmonary ventilation, consist of inspiration (inhalation) and
expiration (exhalation). The medulla oblongata controls the rhythm and
depth of breathing and the pons controls the rate of breathing.
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RESPIRATORY
VOLUMES
Tidal Volume
Reflects the amount of air that moves in
or out of the lungs during a normal
breath
Inspiratory
Reserve Volume
Amount of air that can be forcefully
inhaled following a normal inhalation
Expiratory
Reserve Volume
Amount of air that can be forcefully
exhaled following a normal exhalation
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RESPIRATORY
VOLUMES
Residual
Volume
Vital Capacity
Total Lung
Capacity
Represents the volume of air that
always remains in the lungs even after
a forceful exhalation.
Amount of air that can be forcefully
exhaled after the deepest inhalation
possible.
This measure reflects the total amount
of air the lungs can hold.
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THE TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN AND
CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE BLOOD
Most of the body’s oxygen binds to hemoglobin
in the red blood cells. This transport system is
called oxyhemoglobin.
When carbon dioxide gets into the bloodstream
bicarbonate ions are formed and some
carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin.
When bicarbonate ions reach the lungs, an
enzyme changes them back into carbon dioxide
and water.
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APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE
The medical assistant working for a general practitioner is taking the
medical history of a new patient. The patient states “Even after sleeping
8 to 9 hours I still feel really tired.” The patient’s spouse states, “Well you
sure snore loud, as if the sleep is so good.”
Which of the following is a possible cause for the excessive fatigue?
a. Periods of apnea
b. Depression
c. Tuberculosis
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APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE
- ANSWER
The medical assistant working for a general practitioner is taking the
medical history of a new patient. The patient states “Even after sleeping 89 hours I still feel really tired.” The patient’s spouse states, “Well you sure
snore loud, as if the sleep is so good.”
Which of the following is a possible cause for the excessive fatigue?
a. Periods of apnea
b. Depression
c. Tuberculosis
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COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS

Asthma is a condition
in which the bronchial
tree becomes obstructed
due to inflammation
Causes includes
allergens, cigarette
smoke, pollutants, cold
temperatures and
exercise
 Signs and symptoms
include difficulty
breathing, wheezing,
coughing, and a tight
feeling in the chest
 Treatment include
avoidance of allergens,
steroid inhalers,
bronchodilators and
stopping smoking

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COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
(CONT.)
 Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi
May be caused by viruses, gastro-esophageal reflux,
exposure to cigarette smoke, pollutants and fumes.
 Signs and symptoms includes chills, fever, difficulty
breathing, coughing up yellow-gray or green mucus, chest
tightness, wheezing and difficulty breathing
 Treatment with rest, fluids, cough medicines, humidifiers,
inhalers and antibiotics for smokers

Asthma. You're more likely to think about the specific symptoms of the condition:
wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or the fear and anxiety that can
accompany asthma attacks. While bronchitis symptoms such as wheezing and
shortness of breath are similar to the symptoms of asthma, there are some
important differences. The presence of a mild fever may be caused by virus, is
often seen with bronchitis, for example, but not with asthma. And, bronchitis can
cause people with asthma to have an asthma attack or make their asthma
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symptoms worse. When the two conditions co-exist, the condition is called
"bronchial asthma."
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COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
(CONT.)
Disease
Causes
Signs &
Symptoms
Treatments
Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease
Cigarette smoke
and air pollution
Fatigue,
difficulty
breathing &
frequent
coughing
Lifestyle changes,
inhalers, stop
smoking
Emphysema
Cigarette smoke,
pollutants, dust
Chronic cough,
weight loss,
fatigue,
shortness of
breath
Stop smoking,
vaccinations,
antibiotics,
oxygen,
bronchodilators
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• Emphysema gradually damages the air sacs
(alveoli) in your lungs, making you
progressively more short of breath.
• Emphysema is one of several diseases known
collectively as chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD).
• Smoking is the leading cause of emphysema.
• Emphysema damages the inner walls of the
lungs' air sacs (alveoli), causing them to
eventually rupture. This creates one larger air
space instead of many small ones and reduces
the surface area available for gas exchange.
• When you exhale, the damaged alveoli don't
work properly and old air becomes trapped,
leaving no room for fresh, oxygen-rich air to
enter. Treatment may slow the progression of
emphysema, but it can't reverse the damage.
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Emphysema, Gross
The chest cavity is
opened at
autopsy to reveal
numerous
large bullae (air
bubbles)
apparent on the
surface of the
lungs in a patient
dying with
emphysema. Bullae are
large dilated
airspaces that bulge
Out from beneath
the pleura.
Emphysema is
characterized by
a loss of lung
parenchyma (bulk),
destruction of
alveoli so that
there is
permanent
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dilation of
airspaces.
COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
(CONT.)
Disease
Causes
Signs and
Symptoms
Treatment
Influenza (Flu)
Numerous viruses
Runny nose, sore
throat, sneezing,
fever, chills,
diarrhea, loss of
appetite
Bed rest, fluids,
antiviral
medications
Laryngitis
Viruses, bacteria,
excessive talking,
allergies, smoking,
frequent use of
alcohol
Hoarse voice,
sore throat, dry
cough and throat
Antibiotics,
avoidance of
cigarettes and
alcohol
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COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
(CONT.)
Disease
Causes
Signs and
Symptoms
Treatment
Legionnaire’s
Disease
Bacteria that grows
in air conditioning
systems
Fever, fatigue,
difficulty breathing,
chest pain,
headache
Antibiotics,
respiratory
therapy and
supportive
therapy
Lung Cancer
Smoking, exposure
to radon, asbestos
and industrial
carcinogens
Cough, hemoptysis,
difficulty breathing,
weight loss,
chronic hoarseness,
wheezing
Depends on type
of cancer and
stage but
chemotherapy
and radiation are
common
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treatments
COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
(CONT.)
Disease
Causes
Signs and
Symptoms
Treatment
Pleuritis
Viruses,
pneumonia,
autoimmune
diseases such as
lupus, chest trauma
Fever or chills,
dry cough,
shortness of
breath, chest pain
during breathing
Pain medications,
antibiotics, antiinflammatory
drugs, removal of
fluid around the
lungs
Pneumonia
Bacteria, viruses,
fungi, parasites,
foreign matter
entering the lungs
Fever or chills,
headache, fatigue,
coughing up rustcolored, green or
yellow mucus
Rest, fluids,
antibiotics, overthe-counter pain
medications
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COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
(CONT.)
Disease
Causes
Signs and
Symptoms
Treatment
Pneumothorax
Chest trauma, and
unknown causes
Tightness in the
chest, sharp chest
pain, rapid heart
rate, shortness of
breath
Chest tube,
surgery
Pulmonary
Edema
Congestive heart
failure, heart attack,
cardiomyopathy, heart
valve disorders, lung
infections, chest
injuries and many
others
Shortness of
breath, wheezing,
weight gain, pink
mucus, pale skin,
sweating
Oxygen
therapy,
diuretics,
morphine
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PNEUMOTHORAX
HEALTHY LUNG
Pneumothorax
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COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
(CONT.)
Disease
Causes
Signs and
Symptoms
Treatment
Pulmonary
Embolism
Heart attacks,
fractured hips,
cancer, long
periods of
inactivity
Fainting, sudden
shortness of
breath,
hemoptysis,
wheezing,
tachycardia, chest
pain
Support
stockings, clotdissolving
medications, anticoagulants,
surgical filter
insertion
Severe Acute
Respiratory
Syndrome
Viruses
Fever, chills,
headache, dry
cough, muscle
aches
Rest, anti-viral
medications
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PULMONARY EMBOLISM (1)
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COMMON RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS
(CONT.)
Diseases
Causes
Signs and
Symptoms
Treatment
Sinusitis
Bacteria, blockage Fever, cough,
Nasal decongestants,
of sinus openings sore throat,
nasal steroid sprays,
facial pain, nasal antibiotics
decongestion
Tuberculosis
Bacterium
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Cough lasting >3 TB testing, Drug
weeks, fever or
therapy
chills, weight
loss, night
sweats, pain
when breathing
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• Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of
the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. If not treated properly, TB
disease can be fatal.
• Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick. As a result, two TBrelated conditions exist: latent TB infection and TB disease.
• The bacteria can live in the body without making you sick, you are not
infectious and cannot spread TB bacteria to others.
• If TB bacteria become active in the body and multiply, will go from having
latent TB infection to being sick with TB disease
• TB is spread through the air from one person to another.
The TB bacteria are put into the air when a person with
TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes,
speaks, or sings. People nearby may breathe
in these bacteria and become infected.
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Cystic fibrosis is an inherited chronic disease that affects the lungs and digestive
system of about 30,000 children and adults in the United States (70,000 worldwide).
A defective gene and its protein product cause the body to produce unusually thick,
sticky mucus that clogs the lungs and leads to life-threatening lung infections; and
obstructs the pancreas and stops natural enzymes from helping the body break down
and absorb food.
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Chest Physiotherapy positions
The Vest
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COMMON RESPIRATORY
CONDITIONS (CONT.)

Sudden infant death syndrome has no specific signs
or symptoms and no known causes.
Risk Factors
• More common in male infants
• Babies between the ages of 2 weeks and 6 months are most susceptible
• Premature or low birth weight babies are at risk
• Babies with a sibling that died of SIDS
• African American and Native American babies are at highest risk
• Babies who were prenatally exposed to cocaine, heroine, or nicotine
• Babies who sleep on their stomachs are three times more likely to die
from SIDS
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APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Which of the following diseases must all health care workers
be screened for annually?
a. Pneumonia
b. Tuberculosis
c. Legionnaire’s disease
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APPLY YOUR KNOWLEDGE
- ANSWER
Which of the following diseases must all health care workers
be screened for annually?
a. Pneumonia
b. Tuberculosis
c. Legionnaire’s disease
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END OF PRESENTATION
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