Transcript Document

The Musculoskeletal System
Lecture 4 of the Course “Medical English”
for Sophomore Medical Students of Taipei Medical University
School of Medicine Taipei Medical University
Winston W. Shen, M.D.
Professor and Chairman
Department of Psychiatry
Taipei Medical University College of Medicine
and
Chief, Department of Psychiatry
TMU-Wan Fang Medical Center
Taipei,
TAIWAN
E-mail address: [email protected]
The Schedule for the Course “Medical English”
Version of 3/4/07 (Part 1 of 2)
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Week 1 (March 1)
Week 2 (March 8)
Week 3 (March 15)
Week 4 (March 22)
The Digestive System
The Respiratory System
The Cardiovascular System
The Musculoskeletal System
(Turning in a 400-word essay on “My Visit to the Clinic” or “My Visit
to the Hospital” (in double-line space hard copy)
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Week 5 (March 29)
Week 6 (April 5)
Week 7 (April 12)
Week 8 (April 19)
Week 9 (April 26)
The Central Nervous System
Off (Spring Break)
Urinary and Reproductive Systems
The First Examination
Medical Records
(Turning in a 400-word essay on “My Favorite Book” (in double line
space hard copy)
The Schedule for the Course “Medical English”
Version of 3/4/07 (Part 2 of 2)
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Week 10
Week 11
Week 12
Week 13
Week 14
(May 3)
(May 10)
(May 17)
(May 24)
(May 31)
Scientific Papers
Hematology
Infectious Diseases
The Second Examination
Endocrinology
(Turning in a 400-word essay on “How to Be a Good Physician” (in double line
space hard copy)
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Week 15
Week 16
Week 17
Week 18
(June 7)
(June 14)
(June 21)
(June 28)
Immunology
Oncology
No Class
Final (The Third) Examination
Muscle
Gr. der Muskel; F. muscle
Pl. muscles; L. musculus, “little mouse”
Skeletal Muscles
Heart Muscles
Smooth Muscles
(to move the bones) (1) to pump the heart in the GI Tract
(2) to conduct impulse (to do peristalsis*)
The muscle is attached to
the bone through a tendon.
(ML. tendōn- s. of tendō;
Gk. Ténōn, sinew (sp. with
-d- by association with L.
tendere to stretch)
Anatomy. a cord or band of
dense, tough, inelastic,white,
fibrous tissue, serving to
connect a muscle with a
bone or part; sinew
e.g. Achilles tendon or
tendon of Achilles
per·i·stal·sis pl. –ses
(Gk, peri, to wrap around :
stellein, to place,
to compress)
The wavelike muscular
contractions of the intestine
or other tubular structure
that propel the contents onward by
alternate contraction and relaxation.
Also called vermicular movement.
Three Types of Muscles
Appearance
Smooth
muscle
Cardiac
muscle
Skeletal*
muscle
Smooth
Striated
Striated
Involuntary
Voluntary
Voluntary or voluntary
Involuntary
Function
Controlling
movement
of internal
organs
Controlling Moving bones
contractions
of the heart
*Skeletal muscles work in pairs. When one contracts, the other relaxes.
They are attached to bone by bands of tissue called tendons.
Symptoms of Muscle Diseases
˙ Weakness
˙ Spasticity
(L. spasticus afflicted with spasms; Gk. spastikós of a
spasm, equiv. to spas-, s. of spân to pull off, pluck, convulse + -tikos-tic)
˙ Myoclonus (a clonic spasm of a muscle or muscle group)
˙ Myalgia (from Gk. mys "muscle" + algos "pain." muscle pain)
Calf muscles
Consisting two muscles:
Skeletal Muscles (1/3)
Gastrocnomiceus
Soleus
Trapezius
from Gk. gastroknēmiā, calf
of the leg : gastro-, belly [from
its belly-like shape]; see
gastro- + knēmē, leg.]
lnavits.myweb.uga.edu/achil1.jpg
Hamstings
Achilles tendon
the greatest Greek warrior in
theTrojan War and hero of
Homer's Iliad. He killed Hector
and was killed when Paris
wounded him in the heel,
his one vulnerable spot, with
an arrow.
bestbodyever.com/b-n-b-s.jpg
Skeletal Muscles (2/3)
Biceps brachi
Sternoclaidomastoid
L. for two heads.
Either of two muscles of the
neck that serve to flex and
rotate the head.
The muscle involving the
sternum, the clavicle, and
the mastoid process. Gr.
sternum + lavicle (key) +
mastoid (nipple-like)
Deltoid
Gk. deltoeid s deltashaped, equiv. to Délt (a)
Pectoralis minor
Rectus abdominis
Quadriceps
(made of 4 muscles:
Rectus femoris,
Vastus lateralis,
Vastus medialis and
Vastus intermediu)
Gluteus maximus
Gk. rump
Hamstrings
(made of 3 muscles:
1. Biceps femoris
2. Semitendinosus
3.Semimembranosus)
space.mit.edu/home/liberty/muscle.JPG
Skeletal Muscles (3/3)
Shapes
triangle, adj. triangular
Equilateral or equiangular triangle
isoceles triangle (two sides of equal lengths )
right triangle
acute triangle
obtuse triangle
scalene triangle (three sides of different lengths)
square
rectangle, adj. rectangular
Parallelogram, adj. parallelogramatic
(L. short for trapezius musculus,
trapeziform muscle) ]
(New Latin, from Medieval
Latin trapēzium, trapezium,
from the shape of the muscles
paired)
trapezoid
circle, adj. circular
ellipse, adj. elliptical; Ellipsis,
*
asterisk
“. . .”
Extraocular Muscles (EOMs)
Rectus (Gr. gerade,
Oblique (Gr. schräg;
glatt; Fr. droit, raide; NL
réctus [musculus], straight
[muscle])
Fr. oblique; Middle
English, from Old French,
oblique, from Latin
oblīquus, slanting)
Rectus abdominis
Rectus capitis posterior
major
Rectus capitis posterior
minor
Rectus femoris
Rectus m. of thigh
Rectus inferior
Rectus lateralis
Rectus medialis
Rectus superior
static.howstuffworks.com/gif/vision3.gif
www.msmedia.com.au/.../IMAGES/Senses_IM.jpg
www.medrounds.org/ocular-
Superior rectus m.
Inferior rectus m.
Medical rectus m.
Lateral rectus m.
Superior oblique m.
Inferior oblique m.
pathology-study-guid
www.childrenshospital.org
The Skeleton
Scapula
(L. shoulder,
from L. scapulae,
the shoulder blades.]
Humerus (L.
Skull (Middle English
skulle, probably of
Scandinavian origin)
Mandible (L. mandibula
jaw, equiv. to mandi- (comb.
form of L mandere to chew)
(h)umerus shoulder; Vertebra
c. Gk. ômos, Goth (L. [spinal] joint,
ams, Skt ámsas ] equiv. to verte
(re) to turn)
Rib
Pelvis
Radius (L.
(pl. pelves, L.
basin; akin to
Gk. pellís bowl)
Ulna
staff, rod, spoke,
beam, orig., ray)
(L. elbow; akin to
Gk. ōléné, OE eln)
Patella (pl. patellae or patellas;
Femur (Pl.
L, dim. of patina, patena pan, lit.,
something wide open)
femurs or femora;
L. femur “thigh“)
Fibula
Tibia (L. tībia
( Pl. fibulae or fibulas;
L. Fībula, bolt, pin,
clasp, prob. *fīvibula,
equiv. to fīv(ere), early
form of fīgere, to fasten)
lit., reed pipe)
www.tipztime.com/minicharts/skeleton.gif
Sacrum
pl. sa·cra (sā'krə,
sāk'rə) A triangular bone
made up of five fused
vertebrae and forming
the posterior section of
the pelvis.
(From NL. from Late
L. (os) sacrum
(translation of Greek
hieron (osteon), sacred
(bone)), neuter of Latin
sacer, sacred)
Carpal
Metacarpal
Maxilla
(from L. maxilla,
upper jaw, dim. of
mala jaw, cheekbone)
Wrist
(wrist, from P.Gmc.
*wristiz, cf. O.N. rist,
instep, O.Fris. wrist,
M.Du. wrist, Gr. Rist,
back of the hand, instep,
from P.Gmc. *wrig-,
*wreik-, to turn. The
notion is "the turning
joint." )
Phalanges
Tarsals
Phalanges
Metatarsals
The Skeleton of the Foot
Consisting of the Tarsals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges)
Dorsal view
Plantar view
(From the back of the foot)
(From the undersurface of the foot)
Tarsals,
(Gk. tarsós flat of the foot)
Metatarsals
(The middle part of the human
foot that forms the instep and
includes the five bones between
the toes and the ankle).
Phalanges
(Old F., body of infantrymen,
from L. from Gk. phalanx,
phalang-, log, battle array, bone
between the finger and toe joints)
Fractures of the Bone
A bone fracture is a medical condition in which a bone becomes
cracked, splintered, or bisected as a result of physical trauma. A
bone fracture can also occur as a result of certain medical
conditions that weaken the bones, such as osteoporosis, certain
types of cancer or osteogenesis imperfecta.
Osteoporosis (Gk. osteo- + pór (os) passage, pore)
Word Family with “Osteo-”
osteoarthritis (pl. os.teo.arthr.i.des; Gk. osteo + arthritis)
osteomyelitis
osteopathy
(pl. os·teo·my·elit·i·des; Gk. osteo + myelits)
(Gk. Gk. osteon "bone" + -pathy)
e.g. sympathetic
pathology
osteoporosis
e.g. porous
pororsity
(Gk. osteo- + pór (os) passage, pore)
Types of Fractures
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Closed fractures are those in which the skin is intact.
Open (compound) fractures involve wounds that communicate with the fracture
and may expose bone to contamination. Open injuries carry an elevated risk of infection; they
require antibiotic treatment and usually urgent surgical treatment (débridement).
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Compression fracture is when the front portion of a vertebra in the spine collapses
due to osteoporosis, a medical condition which causes bones to become brittle and susceptible to
fracture (with or without trauma).
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Other Types of Fracture are:
˙ Complete
Fracture (a fracture in which bone fragments separate completely)
˙ Incomplete Fracture (a fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined)
˙ Linear Fracture (a fracture that is parallel to the bone's long axis)
˙ Transverse Fracture (a fracture that is at a right angle to the bone's long axis)
˙ Oblique Fracture (a fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis.
˙ Spiral Fracture (a fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted)
˙ Comminuted Fracture (A fracture causing many fragments)
˙ Impacted Fracture (A fracture caused when bone fragments are driven into each other)
Ten Commandments to Write Better English
1. Thou shalt always use correct grammar
Original version
The patient prefers to take oral medications to
receiving parenteral injections.
Original text
The patient prefers taking oral medications to
receiving parenteral injections.
Ten Commandments to Write Better English
2. Thou shalt use simpler sentences
Original version
Art is the best demonstration of spirit and emotion,
both of which can create a world of overwhelming
love.
Revision
Art is the best demonstration of spirit and emotion,
to create a world of overwhelming love.
Ten Commandments to Write Better English
3. Thou shalt vary your writing.
Original version
The characteristic of this area is that huge
paintings can be exhibited here because the space
on the walls is quite spacious.
Revision
The characteristic of this area is that huge
paintings can be exhibited here because of
spacious walls.
Ten Commandments to Write Better English
4. Thou shalt use more active voice.
Original version
Another highly antigenic fragment Sb-b (aa 150400) was also recognized by 70% of patients’ sera
was not identified previously.
Revision
For the first time, we also identified another highly
antigenic fragment, Sb-b (aa 150-400), which was
also recognized by 70% of patients’ sera.
Ten Commandments to Write Better English
5. Thou shalt avoid redundancies
Original version
The research was carried out in two steps. The first step
was to include patients who were registered in the trauma
chapter of the Trauma Registry in Taiwan. The second
step was to conduct the survey of variables related . . .
Revision
The research was carried out in two steps: (1) to include
patients who were registered in the trauma chapter of the
Trauma Registry in Taiwan, and (2) to conduct the
survey of variables related . . .
Ten Commandments to Write Better English
6. Thou shalt avoid using Latinate words
Original version
We have previously employed [131I]FIAU and
demonstrated the applicability of noninvasive
imaging to monitor cancer gene therapy.
Revision
We have previously used [131I]FIAU and
showed the applicability of noninvasive
imaging to monitor cancer gene therapy.
Ten Commandments to Write Better English
7. Thou shalt use strong verbs
Original version
Many artists showed their willingness of
participation.
Revision
Many artists were willing to participate.
Ten Commandments to Write Better English
8. Thou shalt use the parallel construction
Original version
The spatial resolution of most clinical PET scanners
is around (6-8)3 mm3, and the higher resolution of
clinical brain scanners have been developed
approaching resolutions of around 33 mm3.
Final version
The spatial resolution of most clinical PET scanners
for the body is around (6-8)3 mm3, and that for the
brain around 33 mm3.
Ten Commandments to Write Better English
9. Thou shalt avoid using empty phrases.
Original version
We have found out that it is necessary to think with
the perspective of patients because this is the best
way to know what kind of service patients need.
Revision
We have found out the need of thinking with
patients’ perspective to know what kind of service
they want.
Ten Commandments to Write Better English
10. Thou shalt be specific in using words.
Original version
Mr. Smith is a straight man.
Revision
Mr. Smith is a straight speaker.
1.without a bend, angle, or curve; not curved; direct: a straight path. 2.exactly vertical or horizontal; in a perfectly vertical or horizontal plane: a
straight table.
3.(of a line) generated by a point moving at a constant velocity with respect to another point.
4.evenly or uprightly formed or set: straight shoulders.
5.without circumlocution; frank; candid: straight speaking.
6.honest, honorable, or upright, as conduct, dealings, methods, or persons.
7 Informal. reliable, as a report or information.
8.right or correct, as reasoning, thinking, or a thinker.
9.in the proper order or condition: Things are straight now. 10.continuous or unbroken: in straight succession.
11.thoroughgoing or unreserved: a straight Republican.
12.supporting or cast for all candidates of one political party: to vote a straight ticket.
13.unmodified or unaltered: a straight comedy.
14.without change in the original melody or tempo: She does straight songs, with just
the piano backing her.
15.Informal. a. heterosexual.
b.traditional; conventional. c.free from using narcotics. d.not engaged in crime; law-abiding; reformed.
Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Random House, Inc. 2006
Exercises III
Choosing the Most Appropriate Answers
7.
Malaysia is (A) a Christian, (A) a Buddhistic, (C)
a Moslem, or (D) an Indian country.
8. The expression, “You can not teach an old dog
new trick” means that the old dog is (A) having a
short learning curve, (B) easy to be taught, (C)
having very long learning curve, or (D) trainable.
9. Parenteral route does NOT include taking the
medication (A) by mouth (per os, PO), (B) by
intravenous (IV) injection, (C) by intramuscular
(IM) injection, or (D) by inhaling.