Barriers to Successful Treatment of Cancer Pain
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Transcript Barriers to Successful Treatment of Cancer Pain
Barriers to Successful
Treatment of Cancer
Pain
Suresh Kannan, MD
Florida Hospital, Orlando
Objectives
To
highlight the discrepancy between current
state of medical knowledge and prevailing
practice of pain management in cancer patients
To analyze barriers that prevent effective
treatment of cancer pain
To propose solutions to promote effective
cancer pain management
The Scream
Edvard Munch
Pain
An unpleasant sensory and emotional
experience associated with actual or
potential tissue damage, or described in
terms of such damage.
International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)
Suffering
Suffering is experienced by persons, not merely by
bodies, and has its source in challenges that threaten
the intactness of the person as a complex social and
psychological entity. Suffering can include physical
pain but is by no means limited to it.
Eric J Cassel The Nature of Suffering and the Goals of Medicine, N
Engl J of Med 1982; 306:639-45.
The Broken Column
Frida Kahlo
Cancer Pain
10
million new cases diagnosed annually*
Moderate to severe pain experienced by
40% to 50% of cancer patients
Very severe pain experienced by 25% to
30% of cancer patients
80% of terminal stage cancer experience
moderate to severe pain
Brennan F, Carr DB, Cousins MJ. Pain Management: A Fundamental
Human Right. Anesth Analg 2007; 105:205-21
Cancer Pain
Pain Syndromes in Cancer Patients
Coincidental
Pain
<10%
Pain caused by
anticancer
therapy
25%
Pain caused by
cancer
>65%
Chronic pain in Cancer Survivors
Post
treatment pain syndromes
Post-surgical pain syndromes
Post radiation therapy neuralgias
Post-chemotherapy neuropathy
Burton AW, et al. Chronic Pain in the Cancer Survivor: A New Frontier. Pain
Medicine 2007; 8: 189-198.
Approaches to cancer pain
management
Primary Therapies
Radiation Therapy
Chemotherapy
Immunotherapy
Surgery
Antibiotics
Symptomatic
Therapies
Pharmacotherapy
Interventional
Physical Modalities
Psychological
Complementary &
Alternative
AMA CME Module 11: Pain Management. Cancer Pain: Pharmacotherapy
Assessment of Pain
Multidimensional aspect of Cancer pain
Somatic
Therapies
COGNITION
EMOTION
SOCIOENVIRONMENT
PSYCHOSOCIAL
THERAPIES
Barriers to treatment
Barriers
related to health care
professionals
Barriers
related to patients
Barriers
related to the healthcare system
Barriers related to patients
Reluctance
to report pain
Belief that cancer is inevitable in cancer
Fear pain portends progress of cancer
Fear of alienating care givers
Reluctance to take pain medication*
High costs of medications and treatments
Fear of addiction, side effects of medication
Barriers related to health care
system
Low
priority given to cancer pain treatment
Priority on curing cancer
Restrictive regulation of controlled
substances
Inadequate reimbursement
Failure to recognize pain as a major cause
of disability
Problems of availability of treatments
Barriers related to healthcare
professionals
“Unbelievably, American doctors regularly
refuse to prescribe effective doses of
narcotic pain killers to dying patients on the
grounds that the patients might become
addicted. The treatment of cancer pain,
clearly, is still not based solely on scientific
fact but draws on ignorance, fear, prejudice,
and on an invisible, unacknowledged moral
code expressing half-baked notions about
evil of drugs and the duty to bear affliction.”
- Dick Morris from The Culture of Pain
Barriers related to healthcare
professionals
Inadequate
knowledge/training in pain
management
Inadequate pain assessment
Concerns about regulation of controlled
substances
Fear of patient addiction
Ethnic/racial/gender/age biases
Negative feelings towards pain patients
Barriers to cancer pain
management
Barriers
Percentage
Inadequate pain assessment
Pt. reluctance to report pain
Pt. reluctance to take opioids
Physician reluctance to prescribe opioids
Inadequate knowledge of pain mgt.
Excessive regulation of opioids
Von Roenn, J. H. et. al. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:121-126
76%
62%
62%
61%
52%
18%
Legal Barriers
Estate
of Henry James v. Hillhaven
Corporation (1991)
Bergman
v. Chin(1999)
Ethical Analysis of the Barriers to
Effective Pain Management
Major criticism of the “ barriers literature” is the
failure to analyze these barriers from an ethical
perspective
Curative versus palliative models of medicine
Disparity between current state of medical
knowledge and prevailing practice of pain
management
Irrational beliefs about addiction, tolerance and
adverse side effects
Rich BA. An Ethical Analysis of the Barriers to Effective Pain Management.
Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 2000, 9, 54-70.
Ethics
“ To allow a patient to experience
unbearable pain or suffering is unethical
medical practice.”
Wanzer SH, et al. The Physician’s responsibility
towards hopelessly ill patients – a second look. N Engl J
Med 1989; 320:844-9
Matching Interventions to Barriers
Barriers
related to patients
Barriers related to healthcare
professionals
Barriers related to healthcare systems
Patient Barriers/Interventions
Inevitability of Pain
Patient Education
Distracting from
cancer treatment.
Pt. Bill of Rights
Fears of Addiction
Information on
narcotics
Inadequate Pain relief
Empower patient
(PCA-IV/Oral)
Physician Barriers/Interventions
Lack of Knowledge
-Education (Topmed)
-EBM Guidelines
Lack of Motivation
- Incentives/sanctions
Beliefs/Attitudes
-Peer Influence
-Opinion leaders
Turf Issues
-Multidisciplinary
approach
Legal Barriers?
Prescribing Practice
Evaluation
Individualized
Treatment Plan
Informed Consent
Treatment (narcotic) Agreement
Periodic Review
Multidisciplinary Consultation
Medical Records
Comply with Laws and Regulations
Prescribing Practice
Request
old medical records
Collaborate with pharmacists
Photo identification
Prescription pads
Prescription monitoring programs
Identifying the drug seeking patient*
Opioid abuse-deterrent
technologies
Physical
barriers
Release of sequestered toxic components
Release of opioid antagonists
Prodrugs that require hepatic metabolism
to release active metabolite
Institutional approaches
Organizational
commitment to pain treatment
Dedicated hospital- wide pain service
Analyze current pain management practice
Standards for pain assessment
Implement policies to treat cancer pain
Institutional approaches
Multi-disciplinary
workgroup
Regular assessment of pain and effective
treatment
Education for clinicians, patients and
family
Establish accountability for pain
management
Continuous evaluation and improvement
of pain management process
Pain Management: A Fundamental
Human Right
Education
Universal
pain management standards
Legislative reform
Liberalization of national policies on opioid
availability
Provision of affordable opioids
Pain control programs in all nations
Continued WHO activism
Brennan F, Carr DB, Cousins, MJ. Anesth Analg 2007; 105: 205-21.
The nature of suffering and goals of
medicine.
Suffering is experienced by persons, not merely by
bodies, and has its source in challenges that
threaten the intactness of person as a complex
social and psychological entity. Suffering can
include physical pain but is by no means limited
to it. The relief of suffering and the cure of the
disease must be seen as twin obligations of a
medical profession that is truly dedicated to the
care of the sick.
Eric J Cassel