Transcript PowerPoint Presentation - The Biomedical Engineers

The Biomedical Engineers
By: AUW, EWG, MKG, and LGT
(Mrs. Reynolds)
Who are we and What do we do?
• We design items to make sure
that the heart will beat properly;
the following topics are some
that we design.
• Our topics are: *Replacement
Heart Valves- By: EWG
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*Defibrillators and CPR- By:
MKG
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* Artificial Pacemakers- By:
AUW
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*Angioplasty-By: LGT
What is coronary artery disease
and angioplasty?
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The coronary arteries are the
arteries that bring blood to the heart
• When these arteries become
clogged and narrowed by fat and
cholesterol called plaque this is a
sign of coronary artery disease.
• Angioplasty is a procedure where a
balloon is used to open a narrow
coronary artery
• Angioplasty is also used to:
Reduce the chances of having a heart
attack for a person with very
narrow coronary arteries
Decrease the pain in the chest that
comes when the heart doesn’t get
enough blood or oxygen
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1977 was the first year when
angioplasty was used
It was pioneered by Guidant (a
scientific company)
Some improvements in
Angioplasty since then are stents,
plaque removers, and lasers
Angioplasty has a made a
contribution to medicine because it
made it so open heart surgery does
not have to be used when the
person has coronary artery disease,
this is an advantage because there
are less risks in angioplasty.
What impact does angioplasty have?
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Angioplasty is when a balloon is
inserted into an artery and inflated
• This procedure effects the arteries
because the pressure of the balloon will
compress and flatten the plaque so the
artery can open wider
• Some other types of Angioplasty are:
Laser angioplasty – Laser “energy” breaks
down plaque
Atherectomy– drill “cuts away” at plaque
• Angioplasty improves the blood flow in
the coronary arteries in 90% of its
patients
• Angioplasty doesn’t totally eliminate
the cause of coronary artery disease but
it “treats the condition”
• Some risks with Angioplasty are:
• Bleeding in the groin
• Kidney failure
• Damage to vessel or valve
• Stroke
• Death
Angioplasty Bibliography
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Angioplasty. 23 Feb. 2006
<http://www.webmd.com/NR/rdonlyres/922EDE2ECDEE-4130-B3C3-6185D559A258.jpeg>
“What is Coronary Angioplasty?” National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute. 23 Feb. 2006
<http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Angioplast
y/Angioplasty_WhatIs.html>
“Heart and Cardiovascular.” Yahoo Health. 23 Feb. 2006
<http://health.yahoo.com/centers/heart/83>
“Medical Encyclopedia” Medicine Plus. 23 Feb. 2006
<http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/00295
3.htm#Risks>
“Coronary Diliation Catheters” Guidant. 23 Feb. 2006
http://www.guidant.com/products/dilatation.shtml
Diagram of Angioplasty. 23 Feb. 2006
http://yalenewhavenhealth.org/library/healthguide/enus/images/media/medical/hw/nr55551931.jpg
CPR~What is it?
• Stands for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a first-aid
technique that’s used to keep victims of
cardiopulmonary arrest alive and to prevent brain
damage while more advanced medical help is on the
way.
• CPR was invented in 1960. The discoverers of
mouth-to-mouth ventilation were Drs. James Elam
and Peter Safar. Though mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation was described in the Bible (mostly
performed by midwives to resuscitate newborns) it
fell out of practice until it was rediscovered in the
1950s.
• CPR has two goals:
• 1. keep blood flowing throughout the body
2. keep air flowing in and out of the lungs
CPR~How it works…
• While the modern emergency room has hightech equipment and drugs to help treat victims
of cardiopulmonary arrest, CPR is a simple
technique that requires barley any equipment.
What you have to do:
• Blow into the victims mouth to push oxygenated
air into the lungs. This allows oxygen to diffuse
through the lining of the lungs into the
bloodstream.
• Compress the victim’s chest to artificially
recreate blood circulation.
QuickTi me™ and a
TIFF ( Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see thi s pi ctur e.
Defibrillators ~ What are they
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
• A defibrillator is a medical device used in the
defibrillation of the heart. It consists of a
central unit and a set of two electrons. The
central unit provides a source of power and
control. The two electrodes are placed
directly on or in the patient.
Defibrillators~How they work…
• The device is designed to deliver an electric shock to the patient, in
an effort to stop ventricular fibrillation.
• There is some risk of electric shock to the operator and others if the
operator has not been trained to avoid touching the patient. Other
risks include skin burns from the electrodes, abnormal heart
rhythms, and blood clots.
• delivers an electric shock that stuns the heart momentarily;
stopping all activity. This gives the heart a chance to restart normal
electrical activity and resume beating effectively.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Risks:
Picture of a Defibrillator. Feb 23 2006
http://images.amazon.com/images/P/B00064CED6.01._SCLZZZZZZZ_.jpg
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Picture of a Person Saving another Person. 23 Feb 2006
<http://www.pb.unimelb.edu.au/emergency/template-assets-custom/images/CPR.g>if
• Victim: If you rescued someone to late, that victim
could die.
• Helper: He might get electrocuted from the
defibrillator
Websites:
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http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https://www.redcross-cmd.org/Images/CPR.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.redcrosscmd.org/Show_Courses.cfm%3FCourse_Type_ID%3D1&h=285&w=293&sz=5&tbnid=Zxatn2vWk28xMM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=111&hl=en
&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCPR%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den%26sa%3DG
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.caregiverhelpline.com/images/heartstarthomedisplay.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.caregiverhelpline.com/NewFiles/philipsdefibrillator.html&h=300&w=300&sz=48&tbnid=n1P6blF_Ae82rM:&tbnh=111&tbnw=111&hl=en&start=9&
prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddefibrillators%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den%26sa%3DN
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.pb.unimelb.edu.au/emergency/template-assetscustom/images/CPR.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.pb.unimelb.edu.au/emergency/emergencies/medical/CPR.html&h=229&w=200&sz=7&tbnid
=q_AaI6ol517_qM:&tbnh=103&tbnw=89&hl=en&start=5&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCPR%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26cli
ent%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den%26sa%3DG
Bibliography
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“Automated External Defibrillators (AED).” emedicine. 23 Feb. 2006
<http://www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/10873-8.asp>
“How CPR Works” How Stuff Works. 23 Feb. 2006
<http://science.howstuffworks.com/cpr.htm>
“Dictionary Reference”9 entries found for CPR.” Dictionary. 23 Feb 2006
<http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=CPR>
“Dictionary Reference” 5 entries found for defibrillator
<http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=defibrillator>
“5 entries found for defibrillator.” Dictionary. 24 Feb. 2006
<http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=defibrillator>
Pacemakers: What are they?
• A pacemaker is a device that
regulates the heart beat.
• An electronic device that is
surgically placed in the body to
regulate the heartbeat.
• A pacemaker is prescribed for
people of all ages whose hearts
beats too slowly.
• A pacemaker is made up of two
components: a pulse generator
and insulated leads.
• More than half a million
Americans use a pacemaker.
• An electric heart pacemaker can
overcome fibrillation. But a risk
is that a short circuit might
electrocute the patient.
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Pacemakers. 22 Feb. 2006
<http://public2.bcm.tmc.edu/web/pediatrics/images/Pacemakers.gif>
Pacemakers: What are they continued…
• The electronic chip in a pulse generator senses the heart’s beat and
then the electric signals are sent out, in order to regulate heartbeats and
maintain a normal rate.
• More than two million pacemakers have been put in since 1960.
• John Hopps made the first pacemaker in 1950.
• Cellular telephones, medical equipment, power-generating equipment,
radiofrequency ablation, microwaves, and therapeutic radiation are
devices that put pacemakers at risk.
• A contribution that pacemakers made to medicine and science is that it
will make a patient’s current heart rhythm and rate electrically
stimulate the heart to regularize an abnormal rate or rhythm.
A Picture of Pacemaker:
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Picture of a Pacemaker in the body. 23 Feb. 2006
<http://www.merck.com/media/mmhe2/figures/fg027_2.gif>
Pacemakers: Bibliography
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“Pacemakers.” Medline Plus. 17 Feb. 2006
<http://www.engr.iupui.edu/bme/What%20is%20BME.html>
“History of Pacemakers: Technology Development Through the Decades.” Medtronic.
22 Feb. 2006
<http://www.medtronic.com/brady/patient/pacemaker_history.html>
“John Hopps who invented the pacemaker.” eSSORTMENT. 22 Feb. 2006
<http://ct.essortment.com/johnhoppswhoi_rlou.htm>
“Pacemakers.” American Heart Association. 23 Feb. 2006
<http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=24>
“Biomedical Engineering in Depth.” 23 Feb. 2006
<http://www.engr.iupui.edu/bme/What%20is%20BME.html>
A Picture of a Replacement Heart
Valve
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Replacement Heart Valves
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Artificial heart valves are made from pig,
cow, or human tissue
Luckily when you get this surgery you do not
need to take any special drugs but if you get
mechanical replacement heart valves you do
The 1st replacement heart valve surgery was
done in 1994
Some concerns many people think about
before getting replacement heart valves are:
1. The possibility that the patient could reject
the transplant 2. The patient could get
infected with pig viruses
Replacement heart valves are used because if
you have a problem with the valves in you
heart they make it so the blood does not flow
backwards.
Most valve replacements are done for mistral
or aortic valves.
Mistral valve is positioned in the heart’s left
side, between the left upper chamber (left
atrium) and the left lower chamber (left
ventricle)
The first surgeon to do this surgery was Dr.
Dwight Harken, a young U.S. Army surgeon.
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Aortic valve separates the left ventricle from
the aorta (which carries blood to the body).
A good thing about replacement heart valves
is that they can grow in your heart and
become part of the actual heart valve
There are 2 types of replacement valve
surgery, mechanical and biological
(biological is usually used)
The advantages to mechanical valves are:
they are very durable and they can last a
lifetime
There are also some disadvantages such as:
since there are artificial materials involved
the patient will need a life long treatment
with blood-thinning treatment (blood-thinners
are medications that delay the clotting action
of the blood, this can cause heart attack and
stroke).
Replacement Heart Valves
continued…
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QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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The other type of replacement heart valves is
the biological (or bioprosthetic)
One disadvantage to this type of replacement
heart valve is that this valve is technically
more difficult to implant but are more useful
in patient with small hypertrophied hearts
The benefit of this valve is enhanced
durability, which is related to the use of
pericardium (a membrane surrounding the
heart) and the specific bioengineering
involved in the valve design
Advantages: most patients do not need to be
on lifelong blood-thinner medication, unless
they have other conditions which warrant it
Disadvantages: traditionally these valves
were not considered as durable as mechanical
valves, especially in younger people
Picture of the Heart
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
BIBLIOGRAPHY (for
replacement heart valves)
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Peck, Peggy. “Replacement Heart Valves Built to Last, Even Grow.” Web MD. 22 Feb.
2006 <http://www.webmd.com/content/article/27/1728_60097.htm>
Heart Valves and Replacement Valves. 22 Feb. 2006
<http://www.arnoldmoreno.com/myHeart/heartValves.jpg>
Picture of Replacement Heart Valve. 22 Feb. 2006
<http://www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/pub/guide/disease/valve/valvetreatm
ent.htm?source=overture#valve_replacement>
Gillinov, Marc. “Treatment Options: Heart Valve Surgery and Balloon
Valvotomy.” Heart and Vascular Institute. 23 Feb. 2006
<http://www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/pub/guide/disease/valve/valvetreatm
ent.htm?source=overture#valve_replacement>
Picture of Heart. 23 Feb. 2006
<http://www.sjm.com/procedures/procedure.aspx?name=Heart+Valve+Replacem
ent>
“Hear Valve Replacement.” St. Jude Medical. 23 Feb. 2006
<http://www.sjm.com/procedures/procedure.aspx?name=Heart+Valve+Replacement>
The End!
Hope You Enjoyed the
Presentation!!!!!