Transcript Water and Electrolytes

Water and
The Electrolytes
Module 5.3
Minerals in the Body
Minerals: small, naturally occurring, inorganic (other than
plant/animal), chemical elements naturally found in earth.
– Minerals are available in unprocessed foods, some
processed foods and dietary supplements
• Major mineral: an essential mineral nutrient found in the
human body in amounts greater than 5 grams.
• Trace mineral: an essential mineral nutrient found in the
human body in amounts less than 5 grams.
• Major minerals = electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and
chloride)
• Major minerals in bone = calcium, phosphorus, and
magnesium
• Major mineral in protein = sulfur
• Trace minerals = iron, copper, iodine, manganese, fluoride,
chromium, molybdenum, selenium, zinc, & cobalt
Water The Most Essential Nutrient
• Nutrient most needed by the body.
• Part of every cell, tissue, & organ in the body.
• Accounts for about 60% - 65% of body weight:
– Bone is more than 20%
– Blood is 90% water.
– Muscle is 75%
– Teeth are about 10%
Water Chemical Form
• Water is an inorganic compound composed of two hydrogen atoms
and one oxygen atom - abbreviated chemically as H2O.
• Hard Water-shallow: high levels of calcium and magnesium
• Soft Water-deep: higher sodium
• Bottled Water (ground, spring, purified); 2013 – $11.8 billion;
– 2000x the cost of a gallon of tap water
– 25% from same supplies as tap water
– Regulated by the FDA
– Average American uses 167 disposable water bottles, but only
recycled 38
http://www.cleanwater.org/files/images/ca/
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Sources of Water for the Body
100%
Water, diet soda
90-99%
Nonfat milk, berries, watermelon, celery, lettuce
80-89%
Fruit juice, yogurt, apples, oranges, grapes, carrots
70-79%
Shrimp, banana, corn, potato, cottage cheese
60-69%
Cooked pasta, legumes, salmon, chicken, ice cream
50-59%
Ground beef, hot dog
<50%
Crackers, cereals, pretzels, nuts, butter, margarine, oils
Water Functions
1. Transports nutrients & waste products
2. Works as a lubricant and cleanser joints, eyes,
– Tears wash away dirt, saliva assists in chewing, tasting
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
and swallowing
Water is a polar solvent in the body
Cushions (shock absorber) brain, spinal cord, etc.
Helps regulate body temperature heat loss through skin
(vasodilation); evaporation (sweat)
Component of body fluids -insures adequate blood
(plasma) volume
A medium for chemical reactions
Helps to maintain pH
Participates in energy formation
Fluid Compartments
• About two-thirds of body water is found INSIDE CELLS. Water
inside cells is called intracellular fluid.
• Extracellular fluid is found OUTSIDE THE CELLS.
– Interstitial fluid consists of lymph, blood plasma and
extracellular fluid.
Fluid Balance: Input & Output
• Optimal fluid intake and output leads to normal skin integrity, body
weight, urine volume and urine color.
• Enough fluid should be taken in to produce a clear urine output
every 2 hours while awake.
• With insufficient intake and necessary output, dehydration results.
• Adult DRI:
• Males 3.7 liters/day or 2900 Calories = 2.9 Liters 12c
• Females 2.7 liters/day or 2200 Calories = 2.2 Liters (9 C)
1.
Moments without
oxygen
2.
*Days without water
3.
Weeks without food
Fluid Sources and Losses (in liters)
• Water leaves the body through the evaporation
of sweat, in the moisture of exhaled breath, in the urine, and in
the feces.
• WATER LOSS: 2% of body weight can reduce muscular work
capacity by 20-30%
Regulating Water Loss
Causes of dehydration:
1. Intake of caffeine
2. Intake of alcohol
3. Diuretic medications
4. Sweating
5. Heat exposure
Adverse Effects of Dehydration
% Loss
1-2
Severity
Mild
3-4
Moderate
5-6
Moderate
7-10
Severe
20%
Fatal
Symptoms
Thirst, fatigue, weakness, loss of
appetite
Impaired performance, dry
mouth, urine reduction,
impatience, apathy
Headache, irritability, sleepiness,
increased respiration
Dizziness, muscle spasm, imbalance,
delirium, collapse.
unconscientiousness, death
• Increased Risk For:
– Urinary tract infection & stones, constipation, hypertension,
heart disease, kidney dysfunction, hyperglycemia, and possibly
colon and bladder cancer and bronchopulmonary disorders
Water intoxication
• Rare, usually from forced water intake,
• Serious life threatening consequences.
• Associated with low blood levels of
sodium (hyponatremia)
– CNS edema
– lung congestion
– muscle weakness
– Maximum renal clearance (urinary
output) ~700 ml (24 ounces) -1000 ml
per hour.
• With heavy exercise, replace both water
and electrolytes.
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The Electrolytes
Electrolytes: compounds that partially dissociate in water to form
charged particles called ions and are capable of conducting
electrical impulses;
– Sodium: Na+
– Potassium: K+
– Chloride: Cl• The correct combination and amounts of electrolytes are
essential for life.
• Drinking water & eating regular foods restores fluid & electrolyte
balance.
• Distribution of electrolytes affects the distribution of water
throughout the body.
• Electrolytes function in Fluid/Water balance & acid-base
balance (excessive vomiting can cause alkalosis).
• With excessive sweating, bleeding, vomiting, or diarrhea
special drinks may be used to restore electrolytes.
Water Follows Electrolytes
K+ is mostly
Na+ & Cl- are mostly
Inside Cells
Outside Cells
Na+
H+ H+
O- -
+
H+ H
O- -
H+ H+
O- -
H+ H+
O- K+
Cl-
Sodium
• 85% found in the blood
• Levels of sodium are controlled by hormones
• Positively (+) charged ion maintains fluid balance on the
OUTSIDE of cells
• Required for nerve signaling / transmission
• Muscle contraction
• Fluid balance
• Cells maintain water balance by
pumping minerals across their membranes.
• Creates electrochemical gradient necessary for nerve
transmission, heart function, and muscle contraction.
• Found naturally in many food as a seasoning and preservative
(table salt).
• High levels can lead to high blood pressure (hypertension)
Adult deficient, adequate, toxic values
Sodium
Deficiency & Toxicity
Food Sources: Salt, sea salt, soy
sauce, processed foods, MSG.
Deficiency
Adequacy
Toxicity
(<66% of DRI)
Approx. <990 mg/day
DRI: 1500 mg/day
DRV: 2400 mg
(>UL)
>2,300 mg/day
Cardio-Vascular:
hyponatremia, cardiac failure
Central Nervous System:
mental apathy, weakness
GI System: loss of appetite
Neuro-Musccular: muscle
cramping, skeletal muscle
cell injury
Other: renal failure
Normal ECF balance
and volume, plasma
osmolarity and
volume, pH balance,
and the membrane
potential of cells
Cardio-Vascular:
increased blood
pressure with increased
risk for heart attack and
stroke
Other: fluid retention
(edema)
Adult deficient, adequate, toxic values
Food Processing and Sodium
Adult DRI: 1,500 mg/day
Chloride (Cl-)
• The negative (-) ion in the
fluid OUTSIDE cells
• Functions in the regulation
of body fluid levels, blood
pressure, and muscle
activity
• Role in bicarbonate formation
• Helps in maintaining the acid–base balance (pH) excessive
vomiting reduces hydrochloric acid raising pH creating
metabolic alkalosis (elevated pH levels)
• Component of salt –dietary source of most chloride.
Chloride
Deficiency & Toxicity
Food Sources: Salt (~2700 mg/tsp), salt substitute (~2600
mg/tsp), sea salt, soy sauce, processed foods with salt, seaweed,
rye, tomatoes, lettuce, celery, and olives.
Deficiency
Adequacy
Toxicity
(<66% of DRI)
Approx. <1520 mg/day
DRI: 2,300 mg/day
(3,800 mg NaCl)
RDI: 3,400 mg
(>UL)
>3,500 mg/day
(5,800 mg NaCl)
Bone & tooth: growth
Normal ECF balance
Cardio-Vascular: in
failure in children
and volume and
combination with
Central Nervous System: plasma osmolarity and sodium, increased
mental apathy
volume. Hydrochloric
blood pressure with
GI System: loss of appetite acid production
increased risk for heart
Neuro-Musccular: muscle
attack and stroke
cramps
Quantitative data unavailable for graphical analysis
Potassium (K+)
• Positively (+) charged ion
INSIDE body cells used in
maintaining water balance and
cell integrity.
• Required for nerve signaling
and transmission
• Muscle contraction
• Critical for muscle contraction to maintain heartbeat.
• Fluid balance
• Dehydration causes deficiency which affects brain cells
that trigger thirst.
• Diuretics can deplete potassium (Lasix)
Potassium:
Deficiency & Toxicity
Food Sources: All whole foods like meats, milk, fruit, vegetables, grains, and
legumes, as well as, salt substitute
Deficiency
Adequacy
Toxicity
(<66% of DRI)
Approx. <990 mg/day
DRI: 4,700 mg/day
DRV: 3,500 mg
(UL is Not Established)
Bone & tooth: bone
turnover
Cardio-Vascular:
hypokalemia, cardiac
arrhythmia, increased blood
pressure with increased risk
for heart attack and stroke
Neuro-Musccular: muscle
weakness
Other: glucose intolerance,
risk of kidney stones
Normal ICF volume
and function, nerve
transmission, muscle
contraction, and
vascular tone, blunts
the rise in blood
pressure from excess
sodium, and decreases
kidney stone
reoccurrence
In renal (kidney) failure
only.
Cardio-Vascular:
hyperkalemia, cardiac
arrest
Neuro-Musccular:
muscle tetany
Potassium in Whole Foods
Adult DRI: 4,700 mg/day