Methods of Nutrition Support - KNH 411 Medical Nutrition
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Transcript Methods of Nutrition Support - KNH 411 Medical Nutrition
Methods of Nutrition Support
KNH 411
Oral diets
“House” or regular diet
In hospital for testing before any diagnoses have been
made
Therapeutic diets
Soft/manipulating texture or nutrients
Maintain or restore health & nutritional status
Accommodate changes in digestion, absorption, or organ
function
Provide nutrition therapy through nutrient content changes
Oral diets
Changes from the house diet
*Caloric level (most important!)
Mifflin Equation
Consistency
From a regular diet-to a soft diet
Single nutrient manipulation
Fat, CHO, Pro
Ex: low-fat diet with a patient who has a high lipid content
Preparation
Low Na? High K? How will be manipulate foods?
Food restriction
Standard serving sizes/amounts needed to lose weight once they leave the
hospital
Number, size, frequency of meals
Multiple feedings, high calorie, high energy, nutrient-dense—cancer patients!
Addition of supplements
Oral diets
Texture modifications
Soft diets
Liquid diets
Clear liquid
Low osmolarity
Full liquid
More consistency & higher osmolarity
Adds back in milk products/lactose
Consider osmolality
Soft diet
Preparation for a specific medical test
Oral Supplements
Goal: Increase nutrient density without increasing
volume
Snacks
Liquid meal replacement formulas
Modular products
Commercial supplements
Ex: status post bariatric surgery
Appetite Stimulants
Drugs that stimulate appetite
Post-op
Cancer Patients
Prednisone
Megestrol acetate
Dronabinol
Derivative of marijuana (“munchies”)
Specialized Nutrition Support (SNS)
Administration of nutrients with therapeutic intent
Enteral
If gut works, use it!
First line of defense
Adequate feeding via gut
Parenteral
Gut isn’t working
Peripherally or centrally using the veins for feeding
Second line of defense
PPN: if GI tract can’t tolderate feeds, can do this for 7 days
If longer, a central line will be surgically planced via a central line
Ethical considerations
© 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth
Enteral Nutrition
Feeding through the GI tract via tube, catheter or stoma delivering nutrients
distal to oral cavity
“Tube feeding” (nasogastric? Orogastric?)
Indicated for patients with functioning GI but unable to self-feed
Alterened mental status
Swallowing dysfunction
Contraindications
Concerns with inflammatory response (nausea, vomiting)
Advantages / Disadvantages?
Quick, cost effective, decreased rate of infection, improved wound healing,
need to maintain GI function
Difficult to administer (nose to stomach or SI), poor tolerance (patient may
pull out tube), constantly checking for correct placement, vomiting/diarrhea
Enteral Nutrition
Decisions for the nutrition prescription
GI access
Formula
Feeding technique
Equipment needed
Pump?
Bolus feeds?
Enteral Nutrition
GI Access
•
Access route described by where it enters the body and
where the tip is located
Nasogastric
Orogastric
Nasointestinal (nose to duodenum or jejunum)
Typically used for short term
Disadvantages?
Discomfort with NG tube
Tubes may get clogged if smaller (constant flushing)
Enteral Nutrition
GI Access
•
•
– “Ostomy”
Gastrostomy
Jejunostomy
PEG
Endoscope to go into stomach to place tube to put the
formula in
Long-term solution
More permanent
© 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth
Enteral Nutrition
Formulas
Based on substrates, nutrient density, osmolality,
viscosity
Protein
Soy or casein 10-25% kcal
Elemental or chemically defined
Protein from peptides (completely broken down)
Specialized amino acid profiles
Increase protein product for dialysis patient
Decrease protein product for pre-renal
S/P surgery or in a stressed state: increased protein
Enteral
Nutrition
Formulas
Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides, oligosaccarides, dextrins, maltodextrins
Lactose & sucrose free (most individuals with GI
complications don’t want to complicate that GI sytsem
further with lactase)
FOS
Fermented into short chains
Compromised GI tracts (helps maintain GI integrity)
Fiber ?
Needed for those with Inflamed GI tract
Thickening formulas helping with improved bowel
functions—soluble fibers
Insoluble fibers: soy, polysaccharides
Long-term feeding patients have concerns with
constipation
Enteral Nutrition
Formulas
Lipid
Corn or soy oil
Long- and medium-chain TG
Omega-3 fatty acids
Maintains immune function
Structured lipids
Newer products made from fish oils that help with CV
health
Enteral Nutrition
Formulas
Vitamins and minerals
Meet DRI
Supplemental amounts
Most formulas with 1500 cc’s will contain the needed vitamin amount
Fluid and nutrient density
1.0-2.0 kcal per mL (per cc)
Difference depends on water content
Ensure adequate fluid - 80% water for 1 kcal per mL
*Osmolality vs.** osmolarity
*: # water attracting particles per water weight
Enteral feedings/how many calories per cc
**: # miilimoles of solid or liquid in liter solution
Parenteral nutrition (feeding via VI) and how dense/hypertonic
particles are in fluid solution going through a vein
Enteral Nutrition
Formulas
Other considerations
Considered medical food – not drug
No test for efficacy or benefit
Cost
© 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth
Enteral Nutrition
Feeding techniques/ delivery
methods
Bolus feedings
250-500 cc’s spread out
throughout the day (3-6 times
per day)
Intermittent feedings
Several times per day over 20-30
minutes
Continuous feedings
Reserved for hospital/bed bound
clients
© 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth
Enteral Nutrition
Equipment
Feeding tubes - french size
Cans or sealed containers
Pumps
Enteral Nutrition
Determining the nutrition prescription
-
clinical application
Determine dose weight
Determine calorie goal
Adjust for activity or injury (that would increase needs)
Calculate protein goal
Identify overall calories
ID appropriate amount calories from lipids, then CHO, then
consider electrolyte needs, with consider vitamin/mineral
needs
- Look at fluids (fluid restricted or can they receive the
normal 1 calorie per cc?)
Enteral Nutrition
Complications
Mechanical complications
Clogged or misplaced tubes
GI complications
Diarrhea
Aspiration (formula reflux)
^All signs they may need perenteral nutrition
Enteral Nutrition
Monitoring for complications
Dehydration
Tube Feeding Syndrome
Electrolyte Imbalances
Underfeeding or Overfeeding
Hyperglycemia
Refeeding Syndrome
Monitor serum phosphorus, mg, potassium
Parenteral Nutrition
Administration by “vein”
Gut doesn’t work
Nutrition via IV for 7-14 days
Dextrose levels <10
a.k.a. – PN, TPN (total parenteral nutrition), CVN (central
vein nutrition), IVH (intravenous hyperalimentation)
TPN vs. PPN
Indicated if unable to use oral diet or enteral nutrition
Certification of medical necessity
Parenteral Nutrition
Venous access
Short-term access
CVC inserted percutaneously
Most common
Can be placed at bedside
Using subclavian, jugular, femoral veins
PICC
Long-term access
Tunneled catheters
Concerned with infection—needs to be done using surgery
Implantable ports lye completely below the skin—surgery
© 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth
Parenteral Nutrition
Solutions
Work hand-in-hand with pharmacist
Compounded by pharmacist using “clean room”
300, 400, or 500 cc’s are common
Two-in-one
Dextrose & amino acids
Lipids added separately
Benefit: clear - easier to identify precipitates
Three-in-one
Dextrose, amino acids & lipids
Quick/easy access
Cost saving
Single administration
Less opportunities for infection
Parenteral Nutrition
Solutions
Protein
3% (PN patient) -20% (individual who is needing a concentrated
solution)
4 cals/g of amino acid put into solution
Individual amino acids
Modified products for renal, hepatic and stress
Commercial amino acids 3.5-20%
.8- 1.8 g/kg depending on condition
.8-.8: regular patient in hospital
1.5-1.8: Burn patient, trauam, staus post-surgery
Parenteral Nutrition
Solutions
Carbohydrates
Energy source – dextrose monohydrate
3.4 kcal/g
1 mg/kg/min minimum
5%, 10%, 50%, 70% concentrations (large range)
Greater than 10%= will need TPN
Too much CHO being used: hypoglycemia, fatty liver
infiltration, excessive CO2
Parenteral Nutrition
Solutions
Lipids
Emulsion of soybean or safflower oil
Essential fatty acids
Source of energy
1-1.2 g/kilo is ideal
Not go above 60% calories from lipids
Minimum of 10% kcal solution has 1.1 calorie per cc of solution
(100 calories)
20% has 2 calories per cc of solution (200 calories)
30% is rare, and is 3 calories per cc (300 calories)
Essential fatty acids need to be present!
Ex: premature infants, short-gut syndrome, etc.
Parenteral Nutrition
Solutions
Electrolytes
1-2 milliequivalents/kilo for potassium and sodium
Chloride/acetate: need to look at pH balance
5-7.5 mEq/kilo for Ca
4-10 mEq/kilo for Mg
20-40 mEq/kilo for Phosphorus
DRI standards used
Vitamins/Minerals
Looking at pre-made multi-vitamins
Trace minerals
Standard has: A,C,D,E,K and B vitamins
Zinc, copper, chromium, iodide, mellyb??
Medications
Insulin
Albumin
Heparin
Be aware of drug-nutrient interaction that may occur with TPN
© 2007 Thomson - Wadsworth
Parenteral Nutrition
Determining the nutrition prescription
– clinical application
- sample form
Parenteral Nutrition
Administration techniques
Initiate 1 L first day; increase to goal volume on day 2
Patient monitoring
Intake vs. output
Laboratory monitoring
Parenteral Nutrition
Complications
GI complications
Bile accumulation in gall bladder due to lack of GI use
Increased bacteria can be produced in the gut causing GI
atrophy
Want to get them on oral/tube feedings right away
Infections
At the site of delivery of TPN