Difficult Airway and Rapid Sequence Intubation
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Transcript Difficult Airway and Rapid Sequence Intubation
Rapid Sequence Intubation
and Difficult Airway
Andrew Scordato EMT-P
EMS Instructor
Learning objectives
Define RSI
List Indications and Contraindications
Describe Basic Airway Anatomy
Identify and Describe RSI Pharmacology
Identify and Describe the seven P’s of RSI
Differentiate between properly place and
improperly placed ET tubes
Discuss Difficult Airway
Factors
Solutions: extraglotic airways
RSI?
What is RSI
Sedatives and NMBA same time
Protect airway/minimize hypoxia
Who is it for
Unable to maintain airway
GCS <8
Pt. may lose the ability to protect their airway
Others?
Who is it not for
Inexperience
Difficult airway?
No “back-up” capabilities
Airway Anatomy
Upper airway
Normal VS. Abnormal
Abnormal
Airway Anatomy
Lower Airway
Airway Anatomy
Properly placed ET Tube
What are the Drugs Doing?
Cellular level
Neuron
Action Potential
Ion channels
Synapse
Neuron
Action Potentials
Ion Channels
The Synapse
The Usual Suspects
Atropine
Names-Atropine Sulfate
Actions-parasympatholytic, Blocked vagal effects result in increased
HR, decreased secretions
Indication-Bradycardia, used to pre-medicate
Contraindications-Acute hemorrhage, tachycardia, narrow angle
glaucoma
Lidocaine
Names-Xylocaine
Actions-Antidysrhythmic properties, Local Anesthetic, Blunts ICP
Indications-pre-medicate in RSI
Contraindications-Second or third degree heart block in the absence
of artificial pacemaker. Caution-apnea induced with suxs may be
prolonged with large doses of lidocaine.
TUS II
Vercuronium
Names-Norcuron
Actions-Provides muscle relaxation by competing with ACH receptors on
the nerve, result is muscle paralysis. Does not cause that initial
depolarization wave that is common with SUCCS.
Indications-Temporary paralysis where muscle tone or szr prevent
Dosage-Defasciculating dose 1mg/ivp Paralytic dose= .1mg/kg
Contraindications-monitor for bradycardia and hypotension. Certain drugs
can enhance the effect including lidoccaine. Lasts-25-30 minutes
Versed
Names-Midazolam hydrochloride
Actions-Short acting benzo, conscious sedation and impairs memory
Indications-Premedication for Intubation, SZR
Contraindications-shock, Alcohol intoxication (relative), Concurrent use
with other barbiturates, alcohol, narcotics and CNS depressants.
TUS III
Etomidate
Names-Amidate
Actions-Hypnotic, Anesthetic, Sedation, impairs memory,inhibits
postsynaptic current
Indications-Medication for Endotracheal intubation
Contraindications-L and D, effects may be enhanced when given with
other CNS depressants.
Succinycholine
Names-Anectine
Actions-Neuromuscular blocker-bind to ACH sites cause muscle to
relax
Indications-facilitate intubation, muscle relaxation
Contraindications-skeletal muscle myopathies, Inability to control
airway and or support ventilations with 02 or BVM
Ketamine
Ketamine is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist and dissociative, amnestic,
analgesic anesthetic agent.
Onset & Duration
Onset: 1-5 minutes.
Duration: 10-15 minutes
Contraindications
Relatively contraindicated in penetrating eye trauma, patients with known cardiovascular
disease. (ketamine causes tachycardia)
Side Effects
Laryngospasm: this very rare adverse reaction presents with stridor and respiratory
distress. After every administration of ketamine:
a. Prepare to provide respiratory support including bag-valve-mask ventilation and suction which are
generally sufficient in rare cases of laryngospasm.
b. Institute cardiac monitoring, pulse oximetry and continuous waveform capnography
c. Establish IV or IO access, check blood glucose
Emergence reaction: presents as anxiety, agitation, apparent hallucinations or nightmares
as ketamine is wearing off. For severe reactions, consider benzodiazepine.
Nausea and Vomiting/Hypersalivation: Suction usually sufficient.
Pharmacology
Paralytics
Notes
Choice is between Depolarizing or Non-Depolarizing
Rapid paralysis with rapid recovery
Depolarizing
persistent stimulation/Unresponsive to
ACH/Fasciculation
Fasciculation-What?
Muscle contraction cannot reoccur leading to relaxation
Example-Succinylcholine
Non-depolarizing
Blocks ACH sites
Slower onset
No fasciculation
Longer duration of Action
Example-Vecuronium
Depolarizing/Non-Depolarizing
Pharmacology
Pre-Medicating Agents
Atropine
Bradycardia (Peds)
Decrease Vagal tone/secretions
Dose=.02mg/kg
Lidocaine
Head injury/ other conditions?
It’s believed to blunt ICP/open smaller airways
Dose=1mg/kg 3-5 minutes prior to intubation
Defasciculating agents
Vecuronium-Head Injury/ Penetrating Eye Injury
Pharmacology
Induction agents (sedation)
Notes
Review VS
Paralyzed and Sedated not paralyzed alone
Multiple Agents available
Versed
Benzodiazepine/Short Acting
onset=1-3 minutes/ duration 2-6 hours
2-2.5mg sivp
Etomidate=Rapid onset, short acting, sedative
hypnotic
Onset=10-15 seconds/duration 5-15 minutes
Dosage=0.3mg/kg
Pharmacology
Succinylcholine
Depolarizing
Primary agent with NDMB as secondary
Onset=within 1 minute/Duration=2-5
minutes
Dosage=1.5mg/kg
Pt.'s with burn >24 hours/precaution difficult
intubations
Vecuronium
NDMB
Onset approx. 3 minutes
Dosage= Defasciculating 1mg/ivp Paralytic=0.1mg/kg
The Seven P’s of RSI
1.Prepare
2.Pre-Oxygenate
3.Pre-medicate
4.Put under=sedate
5.Paralyze
6.Pass the tube
7.Post-Intubation Management
Prepare
Assess
Difficult Airway?
Gather Equipment=“Soap me”
Suction/02/Airway
equipment/Pharmacology/Monitoring Equipment
Prep the Patient
Difficult Airway
Predictors of a difficult airway
Short Fat neck
Small receding chin
Presence of a beard
Large tongue
Trauma
Infection or tumor
Spinal disease
Low set ears
Swelling of the face or neck
What do you see?
Pedictors
Mnemonics, Mnemonics, Mnemonics!
What are our tools to assess the difficult airway
and problems we may encounter-What are the
chances for success?
Lemon-intubation
L=Look Externally-abnormal face, sunken cheeks, narrow
mouth, receding mandible, obesity
Evaluate the 3-3-2 rule=3 pt. sized fingers in mouth/Hyoid to
chin 3 fingers/ 2 fingers from thyroid cart. to floor of mouth
Mallampati
Obstruction
Neck Mobility=can you extend and flex the neck
3-3-2
332
Mallampati
Mallampati scoring
Class I and II
Can see
Soft palate
Uvula
Class III and IV
Can see
Hard palate
Base of uvula
Obstructed Airway
Four Main signs
Muffled Voice
Difficulty Swallowing/Secretions
Stridor
Sensation of Dyspnea
Mnemonics
Moans=ventilating
Mask seal
Obstruction
Age
No teeth
Stiff Neck
RODS=extraglottic device
Restricted-mouth opening
Obstruction
Distorted-tumor or surgery
Stiff lungs-asthma ,COPD, ARDS
Pre-Oxygenate
Two to Five minutes before the initiation of sedation and
Neuromuscular blockade
Buys time during patients period of Apnea before they de-
saturation
Allows for “Nitrogen Washout”
100% 02 via NRB or BVM
Make sure equipment is operating 02 sat and Capnography
Desaturation Curve
Pre-Medicate
Why are we pre-medicating the patient?
What are we pre-medicating them with?
Atropine-Peds/Bradycardia
Lidocaine-Head Injury
Defasciculating Agents
What are they?
Vecuronium
Allow 2-3 minutes for them to take effect.
Put Under Sedate
If pt. is paralyzed then they must be sedated
Multiple sedative agents available(Thiopental, Midazolam, lorazepam, fentanyl,
ketamine, Etomidate, and propofol)
MCEMD agents Etomidate and Versed
Etomidate-Rapid onset, short acting, sedative-hypnotic agent
Onset-10-15 seconds
Duration 5-15 minutes
Dosage 0.3mg/kg
Versed-short acting rapid onset benzodiazepine
Onset-1-3 minutes
Duartion-2-6 hours
Dosage 2-2.5 mg slow ivp
Paralyze
Neuromuscular blocking agents
Depolarizing
Non-depolarizing
Examples
Succinylcholine
Precaution in burn patients/Patients with Renal Failure/Hyperkalemia
Vecuronium
Passing the Tube
Take a deep breath/relax
Make sure equipment is ready
Maintain c-spine & Monitor VS (ekg and Sp02)
Pad behind the Pt. head to line up airway
Have partner use the BURP method
Relax
BURP
B=Backwards
U=upwards
R=right
P=pressure
Line Up
Lining up airway axis
Pad behind Pt.'s head
Head extension
Tragus with chest
Tragus to chest
Post-Intubation
1.Confirm Placement
Tools
Visualize
Auscultate
Secondary devices
2.Protect Placement
Secure
3.Management
DOPE
Capnography
What are good values=What to What
Is this a good tracing? Why?
Esophageal
1st, 2nd 3rd attempts?
1st attempt
Reposition patient
Pad more under head
Lift shoulder off the floor
Intubator same level as the Patient
2nd
Change blades
Hyper-flex the neck
Tools
3rd
Back-Up airways
BVM
Cricothyroidotomy
Back-Up airways
Combitube
LMA
King Airway
King Airway
Cricothyroidotmoy
CICO event=Can’t intubate-can’t oxygenate
Placement-find cricothyroid membrane
Equipment=scalpel et tube or quicktrach kit
Technique=Protocol dependent
Cric AP
Cric
Pediatric Airway
Adults VS. Pediatric
Larger tongue
Cricothyroid narrowest
More anterior
BVM VS. Intubation?
Transport=Time and distance?
Key Points
Premedicate
Atropine
Positioning
Padding under shoulders
Madison RSI
Look at handouts
Precautions
Preparation
Procedure
Airway Protection other than RSI
GMVEMS
{Sedate to intubate may only be utilized with department and medical director approval. Do not
attempt if successful intubation is unlikely due to foreseeable complications.}
ADULT ONLY:
A Must be trained on, approved on and have equipment to perform a cricothyrotomy either open
surgical or by device.
A Pre-oxygenate the patient. In order to reduce gastric distention, avoid using a BVM.
Apply a cardiac monitor and pulse oximeter.With suspected stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, head
injury, or signs of increased intracranial pressure, administer Lidocaine 100 mg, IV.
Administer Etomidate 0.3 mg/kg, IV (average initial dose is 15-25 mg). Repeat initial dose within
2 minutes as needed. Apply cricoid pressure to reduce the possibility of aspiration and to facilitate
intubation
Scenarios
#1
Dispatched for MVA. Occupant ejected from vehicle.
Arrival-2 minor patients and another patient was ejected he is
lying in a cornfield. Patient is unresponsive GCS of 5, RR of 8.
Drivers license states his weight approx. 160lbs bruising and
swelling noted to face.
What airway problems do you expect?
How would you control this patients airway?
If you RSI this patient what medications would you give him?
What back-up airways would you consider?
Scenarios
#2
Dispatched for ATV roll over. Family members are driving them to St.
291
Arrival-One minor patient. Second patient is a 4 year old child located in the
back of a pick-up. Patient is found to be unresponsive with a GCS of 3, RR of
4-5, and has blood flowing from his nose and right ear. His jaw appears to be
clenched. No swelling or other injury noted to face. Dad tells you he weighs
42 lbs.What airway problems do you expect?
How would you control this patients airway?
If you RSI this patient what medications would you give him?
What back-up airways would you consider?
In a Pediatric airway are there other issues to consider?
Ten Tips (adapted from Scott Synder
article)
1-Place the patient in an optimal position to open airway
Sniffing/head elevated position
Tips
2-Use a BLS airway adjunct
Use several!!!!!
A OP and 2 NPA (wtf)
3- Use a jaw thrust maneuver
4-Use two rescuer BVM and Thenar eminence
TIPS
5-Long inspiration small tidal volumes
Manometer/SPO2/Capnography, conjunction.
6-Did we mention positioning
7-Apneic Oxygenation during intubation
8-Use external manipulation
No cricoid pressure. Operator moves airway.
9-Endotracheal introducer (bougie)
Study-Increase from 66% to 96%
10-Confirm Placement!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!