Pediatric Prehospital Airway Management
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Transcript Pediatric Prehospital Airway Management
Pediatric Prehospital
Airway Management
By: Aaron Mills
11/26/07
The Pediatric Airway
Introduction
Anatomy / Physiology
Positioning
Adjuncts
Intubation
Introduction
Almost all pediatric “codes” are of
respiratory origin
As few as 10% of emergency calls involve
a peds patient, of which only 1% involve
a critically ill or injured child.
Reasons Why These
Airways Are Difficult
Emotional Response
Different Anatomy
Structures not fully developed
Large tongue
Pediatric Cardiopulmonary
Arrests
10%
10%
Respiratory
Shock
Cardiac
80%
Anatomy
Children are much harder to intubate than adults
Anatomy: Larynx
Narrowest point = cricoid cartilage
Airway Difference
Airway Positioning
“Sniffing Position”
Towel is placed under
the head
Airway positioning for children <2yrs
Adjuncts
Nasal airway
Oral airway
Nasopharyngeal Airway
Contraindications:
Basilar skull
fracture
CSF leak
Adjuncts: Oral Airway
Wrong size: Too Long
Adjuncts: Oral Airway
Wrong size: Too Short
Adjuncts: Oral Airway
Correct size
Adjuncts: Oral Airway
The importance of proper
size
Signs of Respiratory
Distress
Tachypnea
Tachycardia
Grunting
Stridor
Head bobbing
Flaring
Inability to lie down
Agitation
Retractions
Access muscles
Wheezing
Sweating
Prolonged expiration
Apnea
Cyanosis
Intubation
Intubation: Indications
Failure to oxygenate
Failure to remove CO2
Neuromuscular weakness
CNS failure
Cardiovascular failure
Laryngoscope Blades
Macintosh
Miller
Using The Miller Blade
Better in younger
children with a floppy
epiglottis
Straight Laryngoscope
Blade – used to pick up
the epiglottis
ET Tube sizes
Age
Newborn
3 mos
1 yr
2 yrs
kg
3.5
6.0
10
12
Children > 2 years:
ETT size:
ETT depth (lip):
ETT
3.5
3.5
4.0
4.5
Length (lip)
9
10
11
12
Age/4 + 4
Age/2 + 12
Predicting the Difficult
Airway
Difficulty ventilating
Facial trauma
Obesity
Obstructions
Stiff lungs (asthma)
Difficulty intubating
External factors
(obesity)
Evaluate mouth
opening
Obstruction
Smaller airways
Neck mobility
(trauma)
Easy or Hard?
Easy or Hard?
Easy or Hard?
Back-up Plan
Can’t ventilate or basics not working
Consider adjuncts (OPA/NPA/positioning)
Intubation?
Can’t intubate
Rescue devices
Can’t rescue
Surgical procedure
Okay to stick with basics if working
Overview
Anatomy / Physiology
Positioning
Adjuncts
Intubation
Questions?
References
Hazinski MF, et al (Ed). PALS provider manual. AHA, 2005.
Lee BS, et al. Pediatric airway management. Clin Ped Emerg Med. 2001.
2(2): 91-106.
Lubitz DS. A rapid method of estimating weight and resuscitation drug
doses from length in the pediatric age group. Ann Emerg Med. 1998.
17(6):576-581.
www.emsresponder.com