Transcript Management Information Systems

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Management Information
Systems
BBA & MBA
Lectures 13,14,15
Technical Decomposition
(Database and Networking)
Course Lecturer: Farhan Mir
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Lecture Administration
• Database Management Systems
– Basic Concepts
– Traditional File Based Environment
– Database Approach
– Components of a Database System
– Types of Databases
– New Trends in Databases
– Management Issues
• Networks
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Basic Concepts
• Data the starting point in Information
Systems
• Today’s business enterprises cannot survive
or succeed without quality data about their
internal operations and external
environment.
• Data Management
– Data basically stored in the form of files or
databases
– Data Management Hierarchy
• Bit-Byte-Field-Record-File-Database
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ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE
ENVIRONMENT
File Organization Terms and Concepts
•
Bit: Smallest unit of data; binary digit (0,1)
•
Byte: Group of bits that represents a single character
•
Field: Group of words or a complete number
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ORGANIZING DATA IN A TRADITIONAL FILE
ENVIRONMENT
File Organization Terms and Concepts
•
Record: Group of related fields
•
File: Group of records of same type
•
Database: Group of related files
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Figure 7-1
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File Based Systems
– Data properly identified and understood when stored in a file (e.g. Customer
File, Invoice)
– In File processing, data is physically arranged/organized in files
– Display Terminals Started the concept of handling data in files
– Working of File based system
• Application Program & Data Files
• File management software
– Issues
• Multiple file usage(integrating data from 2 or more files)
• Data Redundancy
• Data Updation
• Slow Processing
– Advantages
• In-expensive
• Simple to use
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Problems of File Processing
• Data Redundancy – duplicate data requires an update
to be made to all files storing that data
• Lack of Data Integration – data stored in separate files
require special programs for output making ad hoc
reporting difficult
• Data Dependence – programs must include
information about how the data is stored so a change
in storage format requires a change in programs
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File Processing Systems
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Database Management Approach
Definition:
 Consolidates data records into one database
that can be accessed by many different
application programs.
 Provides software interface between users and
databases
 Data definition is stored once, separately from
application programs
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Database Management
• The need to access data quickly
• A collection of software designed to provide a complete approach
to organize and access organizational data
• Flexible access
• Independent Files may be utilized to generate new reports
• Example of a Bank Customer asking queries regarding his various
accounts
• Database Environment
– Users, Programmers, Application Programs, Database, Utility Programs
• User Interface
– Example of Oracle (developer)
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Database Management Approach
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THE DATABASE APPROACH TO DATA MANAGEMENT
The Contemporary Database Environment
Figure 7-4
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Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advantages
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Flexibility
Faster Response
Multiple Access
Less Storage
Integrity
Overall Management
• Disadvantages
– High Cost
• Initial purchase cost
• Hardware Requirements
• Professionals
– Complexity
– Disaster & Recovery issues
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Database Management for Larger
Systems
• Large Database Environment
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Increased Complexity
Transactional Data and Networking Needs
Experts Needed to develop and maintain the databases
Multiple Users & Security Requirements
• Database Administration
– Data Administrator (what data will be stored) Vs.
– Database Administrator (who actually creates & maintain
database, interacts with users & participants to evaluate
needs)
• Relational Databases
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Relational Databases….
• Independent Tables
• Relationship through primary & secondary keys
• SQL
– Select: Creates subset of rows that meet specific criteria
– Join: Combines relational tables to provide users with
information
– Project: Enables users to create new tables containing only
relevant information
• Compatibility with Existing Applications
• Database Security
• Data Dictionaries
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What Makes a Database Relational?
• A database is relational when tables are
related to each other, such as this Student
ID field in the Student file.
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Relational Database
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Data stored in related tables
Table records have same record type
Record = table row
Attributes = table columns (fields)
Uses common key fields for relationships
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Table and Record Example
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Designing Databases
• Database structure: arrangement of the fields,
tables and relationships
• Design for ease of access and maintenance in
as small a file as possible.
– First determine what data must be collected and
stored
– Next organize data into fields and define how the
field is stored
– Break data into small fields (firstname, lastname)
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SQL and Databases
• Structured Query Language that works
behind the scenes of the database client
software
• SQL queries consist of:
– An action
– Database table name
– Set of parameters
SELECT tracktitle FROM tracks WHERE tracktitle = “Fly Away”
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SQL Basics
• SQL keywords: issue instructions
– Create, Delete, Insert, etc.
• Boolean Operators: AND, OR, NOT for
searching
• Joining tables: creating relationships
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Structured query language
SQL
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SQL basics
• SQL allows you to access a database
• SQL executes queries against a database
• SQL commands are case independent.
– SELECT = select
• But column names or DATA are not case independent.
• SQL command are named after english words:
– Create, select, insert, update ...
– It's easy to learn
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3 types of SQL commands
• 1. Data Definition Language (DDL) commands - that
define a database, including creating, altering, and
dropping tables and establishing constraints
• 2. Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands - that
maintain and query a database
• 3. Data Control Language (DCL) commands - that
control a database, including administering privileges
and committing data
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DDL, DML, DCL, and the database development process
27
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Data Definition Language: create the tables
• Create table syntax
CREATE TABLE tablename (
column1 data_type [not null] [unique] [column_constraint] ,
...
[table constraints]);
• Example:
CREATE TABLE person (
personID varchar(5) NOT NULL,
Name varchar(25) NOT NULL,
Firstname varchar(15) NULL);
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Example
CREATE TABLE person (
personID varchar(5) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
Name varchar(25) NOT NULL,
Firstname varchar(15) NULL,
City varchar(20)
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DDL: drop table
• Delete a table
DROP TABLE tablename;
• It is very easy and fast to type the drop
table command -> be careful !!!
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Data Manipulation Language (DML):
Update Operations
INSERT - inserts a list of attributes .
INSERT INTO PERSON VALUES (008, Tome, Hector, J);
DELETE - removes a row from a table.
DELETE FROM PERSON WHERE ID = 7;
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Select
• Select is used to retrieve data :
SELECT [DISTINCT] <column(s)>
FROM <table(s)>
[WHERE <condition>]
[ORDER BY <column(s) [ASC | DESC]>]
– In uppercase are the SQL keywords
– Between [] optional conditions
– Between <> what correspond to your table(s) definition
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Select
Select all data
FirstName
SurName
JAMES
KIRK
JAMES
BOND
...
...
SELECT FIRSTNAME, SURNAME
FROM PERSON
Select specific data, ordered
SELECT FIRSTNAME, SURNAME FROM PERSON WHERE
SURNAME = ‘BOND’ORDER BY FIRSTNAME ASC
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Select
Select all data where person firstname is “JAMES”
SELECT * FROM PERSON WHERE FIRSTNAME='JAMES'
PersonID
045
007
FirstName
JAMES
JAMES
SurName
KIRK
BOND
MidInitial
T
X
Select all data where person firstname is “JAMES” and surname is “BOND”
SELECT * FROM PERSON WHERE FIRSTNAME='JAMES'
AND SURNAME = 'BOND'
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Select all data where person firstname begins with “JAM”
SELECT * FROM PERSON WHERE FIRSTNAME like 'JAM%'
PersonID
045
007
FirstName
JAMES
JAMES
SurName
KIRK
BOND
MidInitial
T
X
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New Trends in Databases
• Object Oriented
– Objects
– Reusability
– Advance needs of Software Engineering
• Multimedia
– Merchandising
– Training
– Education
• Image Processing
• Outside Database Providers
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References
• Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). “Management Information
Systems: Action & Strategy”. (2nd Ed). Chapter 7
• Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon (2001). “Management
Information Systems: Managing a Digital Firm”.(7th Ed).
Chapter 7
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Telecommunication & Networks
• Telecommunication and Networks
• Networking Hardware & Software &
Connecting Media
• Internet, Intranet and Extranet
• Internet & E-Commerce
• Electronic Communications
• Management Issues
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Telecommunication & Networks
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• Telecommunication
– Sending of information in any form (voice,data,text,graphics) from
one place to another using electronic and light-media
• Traditional stand-alone systems Vs. Inter-organizational
systems.
– The Need for employees to work collaboratively
– Time
• Instant/quick information requests
– Geographical needs
– Alliances
• EDI
– Processing Needs
• Distributed Environment
– Sharing
• The systems and system resources
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Telecommunication & Networks
• Role and Scope of Telecommunication in Business
– Organizational Collaboration
– Information Exchange
– Business Communication
• Formal & Informal
– E-Commerce
– Tele-working Environment (an increasing trend)
• Example: System Maintenance and Disaster Recovery
• Another Example: Idea Generators in Fashion Design Industry
• Virtual Universities (E-Learning/ Distance Learning)
• The Need for Protocols
– File Transfer
– Sharing Resources
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Trends in Telecommunications
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Telecommunication
• Telecommunication Model
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Terminals
Telecommunication Processors
Telecommunication Channels
Computers
Control Software
• Types
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LAN
WAN
Intranets/Extranets
Client/Server Networks
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Telecommunications Network
Components
• Terminals – any input/output device that uses
telecommunications networks to transmit or receive
data
• Telecommunications Processors – devices that
perform control and support functions
• Telecommunications Channels – media over which
data are transmitted and received
• Computers – all sizes and types
• Telecommunications Control Software – programs
that control telecommunications activities
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Telecommunications Network
Components
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Types of Telecommunications
Networks
• Wide Area Network (WAN) – network that covers a
large geographic area
• Local Area Network (LAN) – network connecting
information processing devices within a limited
physical area
• Virtual Private Network (VPN) – secure network that
uses the Internet as its main backbone network, but
relies on network firewalls, encryption, and other
security features of its Internet and intranet
connections and those of participating organizations
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LAN & WAN (VPN)
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Types of Telecommunications
Networks
• Client/Server – PCs and workstations, called clients are
interconnected by local area networks and share
application processing with network servers
• Network Computing – Thin clients provide a browserbased user interface for processing small application
programs
• Peer-to-Peer – file-sharing software connects each PC to a
central server or to another online user’s PC
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Telecommunications Media
• Twisted-Pair Wire – copper wire twisted into
pairs
• Coaxial Cable – sturdy copper or aluminum
wire wrapped with spacers to insulate and
protect it
• Fiber Optics – one or more hair-thin filaments
of glass fiber wrapped in a protective jacket
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Telecommunications Media
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Wireless Technologies
• Terrestrial Microwave – earthbound
microwave systems that transmit high-speed
radio signals in a line-of-sight path between
relay stations spaced approximately 30 miles
apart
• Communications Satellites - high-earth orbit
communications satellites placed in stationary
geosynchronous orbits
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Telecommunications Processors
• Modems – convert digital signals from a
computer into analog frequencies that can
be transmitted over ordinary telephone
lines
• Multiplexers – allows a single
communications channel to carry
simultaneous data transmissions from
many terminals
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Internetwork Processors
• Switch – makes connections between
telecommunications circuits in a network
• Router – intelligent communications processor
that interconnects networks based on different
protocols
• Hub – a port switching communications processor
• Gateway – connects networks using different
communications architectures
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Networking Hardware, Software &
Connecting Media
• Media
– Cables
• Coaxial
• Twisted-Pair
• Fiber Optics
– Satellite
– Microwave
– Cellular Phone
• Topologies
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Single-line
Star
Ring
Bus
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Internet & E-Commerce
• Internet
– Network of Networks
– Expansion Rate (Web Presence & Users)
– Most Common Utilization
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Communication
Data Interchange
Information Retrieval
News & Discussion Platform
And ofcourse new business horizon
• E-Commerce
– E-Transactions, E-Business
– Set of integrated activities
• Simply having a good website will not guarantee success
– Web Presence a key characteristics
• Information regarding Organizational Products/Services
• Mechanism for secure transactions
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E-Commerce
• Types of E-Commerce
– B2C (Business to Consumer)
– B2B (Business to Business)
– C2C (Consumer to Consumer)
• Business Transformation
– The Need to develop e-strategies
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Example: CRM (Customer Relation Management)
The New Way of marketing
Interactive Marketing
One-one customer relationship
• The Need for E-Commerce
– Customer Interaction
– Customized services (Multiple Services through single Channel at
same time)
– Bypassing traditional intermediaries
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E-Governance
E-Learning
E-Services
E-Commerce
E-Marketing
E-Procurement
E-Banking
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E-Commerce….
• E-Commerce Essentials
– Merchant Systems
• Online Shopping Mall
• Payment Systems
– Wallets (online payments activities)
– Live Payments
– Security Checks
– Publishing Systems
– Community Systems
• Memberships
• Funds & Payments activities
• The Current Picture
– The Bubble Burst
– Failure & Success Stories
– E-Commerce, is it Product/Business Sensitive?
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Management Concerns
• The Need for Network
– Requirement Analysis
• Size of Organization and activities
• Business needs
– Alliances
– Geographical operations
– Integration & Control
• Hardware/Software Choice
• Vendor Selection
– ISPs, Communication Media Vendors
• Telecommunication & Networking Issues
– Security
• Telecommunication devices and the access
– Privacy
– Maintenance
• Keeping the blood flowing in the Network
• Question regarding new technologies and Disaster recovery
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Concerns….
• Structural Changes
• Cultural Changes
– The issues of face-to-face interaction
– To Cope with faster pace of activities
• The need to respond accurately and precisely on the right time
• Example of Backup Officer/ Information Officer
• Backup Issues
– You can’t simply rely on the Continuity of the Network
– Need to develop alternatives
• Both in the context of technology and strategies
– Many Factors
• Failure of Technology
• Inability of the Users
• Special Situations
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References
• Charles Parker, Thomas Case. (2000). “Management
Information Systems: Action & Strategy”. (2nd Ed). Chapter 8
• Kenneth C. Laudon & Jane P. Laudon (2001). “Management
Information Systems: Managing a Digital Firm”.(7th Ed).
Chapters 5 & 6
• James O’Brien. (1998). “Introduction to Information
Systems: A Networked Enterprise Perspective”. (2nd Ed).
Chapter 5, 6, 7
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