Transcript ch01- history of pharmacy - Westinghouse College Prep

The Pharmacy Technician
FOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICES
Chapter 1
History of Pharmacy
Practice
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 1.2
Ancient humans and medicine.
(Used with permission of Pfizer, Inc. Images by Robert Thom. All rights reserved.)
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Ancient Mesopotamia
• Earliest known record of apothecary
•
•
practice, approximately 2,600 BCE
Healers combined roles of priest,
pharmacist, and physician
Clay tablets recorded symptoms of illness,
prescriptions, and instructions for
compounding remedies
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Ancient China
• Legendary Emperor Shen Nung
•
•
researched the medicinal value of herbs,
testing many of them on himself,
approximately 2,000 BCE
Shen Nung wrote the first Pen T-Sao, or
native herbal, recording 365 drugs
In modern times, Shen Nung is still
worshipped as the patron god of Chinese
drug guilds
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Ancient Egypt
• Two classifications of workers: echelons
•
•
and chiefs of fabrication
Echelons were gatherers and preparers of
drugs, similar to modern pharmacy
technicians
Chiefs of fabrication were the head
pharmacists
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Papyrus Ebers
• Most important ancient pharmaceutical
•
•
record
Written in 1,500 BCE
A collection of 800 prescriptions;
specifically mentions 700 unique drugs
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Ancient India
• The Charaka Samhita recorded more than
•
•
2,000 drugs
Written as early as 1,000 BCE
Meaning “compendium of wandering
physicians,” the Charaka Samhita was the
work of multiple authors
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Ancient Greece
• Terra Sigilata, or "sealed earth", was the
•
•
first therapeutic agent to bear a trademark
Originated in Greece before 500 BCE
Composed of sacred clay that was
blessed, refined, shaped into uniform
tablets, impressed with an official seal,
sun-dried, and then distributed
commercially
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Theophrastus
• One of the greatest early Greek
•
•
•
philosophers and natural scientists
Observed and wrote extensively on the
medicinal qualities of herbs
Known as the father of botany
His unusually accurate observations and
writings date to about 300 BCE
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Use slide of Figure 1.3, “Hippocrates of
Cos,” from the textbook
Figure 1.3
Hippocrates of Cos.
(Stock Montage/Hulton Archive/Getty Images.)
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Hippocrates
• Greek physician who lived between 460
•
•
•
BCE and 377 BCE
Known as the father of medicine
Commonly regarded as one of the most
notable figures in medicine of all time
Rejected the widely held views that illness
was connected to mystic or demonic
forces and positioned medicine as a
branch of science
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Hippocrates (cont.)
• Published more than 70 writings related to
•
the practice of medicine and apothecary
Hippocratic Oath: physicians pledge to “do
no harm”
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Theory of Humors
• Connects personal health to harmony
•
among four bodily fluids, known as humors
Each humor also related to a mood or
personality characteristic
–
–
–
–
Blood (happiness)
Phlegm (lethargy)
Yellow bile (irritability)
Dark or “black” bile (melancholy)
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Ancient Rome
• Mithridates VI developed poisons,
•
•
preventives, and treatments around 100
BCE
Used himself and prisoners as subjects on
which to test poisons and antidotes
During the first century CE, Pedanios
Dioscorides wrote De Materia Medica,
which was used by medical professionals
as late as the sixteenth century
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Galen
• Practiced and taught both pharmacy and
•
•
medicine during 130–200 CE
His principles of preparing and
compounding medicines reigned in the
Western world for 1,500 years
His name still is associated with the class
of pharmaceuticals compounded by
mechanical means: galenicals
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Use slide of Figure 1.4, “The first
apothecaries,” from the textbook
Figure 1.4
The first apothecaries.
(Used with permission of Pfizer, Inc. Images by Robert Thom. All rights reserved.)
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Development of the Apothecary
• In 8th century, Arab practitioners
•
•
•
separated the arts of the apothecary and
physician
The first apothecaries, or privately owned
drug stores, appeared in Baghdad
Arab apothecaries developed new
medicines
Traveling Muslims brought the new system
of pharmacy to Europe and Africa
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Use slide of Figure 1.5, “The first
pharmacopoeia,” from the textbook
Figure 1.5
The first pharmacopoeia.
(Used with permission of Pfizer, Inc. Images by Robert Thom. All rights reserved.)
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Development of the Pharmacopeia
• The first pharmacopeia, the Nuovo
•
Receptario, was published in Florence,
Italy, in 1498
One of the earliest constructive
collaborations between the Guild of
Apothecaries and the Medical Society
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
The First Anglo-Saxon Organization for
Pharmacists
• The Guild of Grocers monopolized trade in
•
drugs and spices
In 1617, King James I formed a separate
company for apothecaries
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The First Apothecary in the American
Colonies
• Apothecaries from Europe were largely
•
unwilling to emigrate to the American
colonies
John Winthrop, first Governor of
Massachusetts Bay Colony and founder of
Boston, sought advice from English
apothecaries and physicians
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
The First Apothecary in the American
Colonies (cont.)
• In 1640, Winthrop began selling imported
European medicines and medicines
derived from native New England plants
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
The 18th Century
• America’s first female pharmacist,
•
Elizabeth Marshall
America’s first hospital, Philadelphia, 1751
– Founded by Benjamin Franklin
– The hospital’s pharmacy began operations in
1752
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
The 18th Century (cont.)
• John Morgan, pharmacist and physician
– Advocated written prescriptions
– Advocated for the independent practice of the
two professions
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
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The 18th Century (cont.)
• America’s first Apothecary General,
Andrew Craigie
– Duties included procurement, storage,
manufacture, and distribution of the Army's
drugs
– Also developed an early pharmaceutical
wholesaling and manufacturing business
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
The 19th century
• America’s first college of pharmacy, the
•
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
The American Pharmaceutical Association
– Founded to meet the needs for better
intercommunication among pharmacists
– Set standards for education and
apprenticeship
– Began quality control over imported drugs
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Use slide of Figure 1.6, “The father of American
pharmacy, William Procter, Jr.,” from textbook
Figure 1.6
The father of American pharmacy, William Procter, Jr.
(Used with permission of Pfizer, Inc. Images by Robert Thom. All rights reserved.)
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
The 19th century (cont.)
• The father of American pharmacy, William
Procter, Jr.
– Graduated from the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy in 1837
– Operated a retail pharmacy
– Served as professor of pharmacy for 20 years
– Was a leader in founding the American
Pharmaceutical Association
– Editor of the American Journal of Pharmacy
for 22 years
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
The 19th century (cont.)
• The United States Pharmacopoeia
– Published in 1820
– First book of drug standards to achieve
national acceptance
• The father of modern genetics, Gregor
Mendel
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
The 20th century
• The American Council on Pharmaceutical
Education
– Founded in 1932 to establish standards for
pharmacy education
– Initially established standards for
baccalaureate degree in pharmacy; added
the doctor of pharmacy standards as an
alternative
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Evolution of the Pharmacist’s Role
• The traditional era (1900–1930):
•
formulating and dispensing drugs derived
from natural sources
The scientific era (1930–1960):
development of new drugs; scientific
testing; mass production of synthetic drugs
and antibiotics
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Evolution of the Pharmacist’s Role
(cont.)
• The Clinical Era (1960–1990): pharmacists
•
expected to dispense drug information,
warnings, advice, and suggestions to
patients
The Pharmaceutical Care Era (current
era): practice of pharmacy focused on
ensuring positive outcomes for drugrelated therapies
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Biotechnology
• Drugs are produced using living organisms
•
such as yeast, bacteria, or mammalian
cells
The majority are manufactured through
recombinant DNA technology
– A human gene capable of triggering specific
protein production is inserted into a living
organism and cultured in a laboratory
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Biotechnology (cont.)
• The majority are manufactured through
recombinant DNA technology
– The organism incorporates the gene into its
cell structure, and begins producing the
desired protein (drug)
• The majority of drugs being so developed
are tested for use in the treatment of
cancer or cancer-related conditions
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Use slide of Figure 1.7, “DNA and
pharmacogenomics: The future of pharmacy,”
from the textbook
Figure 1.7
DNA and pharmacogenomics: The future of pharmacy.
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Pharmacogenomics
• Predicts whether a patient will have a
•
•
•
severe, negative reaction to a prescribed
medication
Simple, rapid DNA test used
May aid in selection of better medications
for patient
Still in development
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.