Transcript Table 21.1 (continued)

The Pharmacy Technician
FOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICES
Chapter 21
The Skin
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 21.1
Structure of the Skin.
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
The Skin
• Epidermis—outermost layer of skin
– Contains melanocytes, where pigment is
stored
– Thinnest skin layer
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
The Skin (cont.)
• Dermis—middle layer of skin tissue
– Contains fibroblasts responsible for secreting
collagen and elastin
– Contains immune cells, hair follicles, blood
vessels, and sweat and oil glands
– Location of the sensory receptors for touch,
pain, heat, and cold
– Helps maintain body temperature
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
The Skin (cont.)
• Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)—
deepest layer of skin
– Outermost part of the muscle is located here
– Stores fat tissue
– Contains connective tissue
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Functions of the Skin
• Acts as a mechanical barrier to infection
• Provides for the sense of touch
• Regulates body temperature
• Excretes waste products and salt from the
•
body
Synthesizes vitamin D (with sunlight) for
the absorption of calcium
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diseases of the Skin—Rash
• Area of red, inflamed skin, or a group of
•
•
red spots
Caused by irritation, allergy, infection, or
defects in the skin’s structure
Pharmaceutical treatment: antihistamines,
topical corticosteroids
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diseases of the Skin—Eczema
• Skin inflammation with red, pimple-like
•
•
bumps
Characterized by itching, blistering, or
oozing areas that progress to scaly,
brownish, or thickened skin
Pharmaceutical treatment: topical
immunomodulators
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diseases of the Skin—Psoriasis
• Chronic immune disorder
• Specific immune cells become overactive
•
•
and release excessive amounts of proteins
called cytokines
Causes inflammation and painful, often
disfiguring plaques
Pharmaceutical treatment: topical steroids,
oral antibiotics, immunosuppressants
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 21.2
Psoriasis of the abdomen.
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diseases of the Skin—Viral Infection
• Occurs when a virus infects the inner
•
•
layers of the skin
Examples: herpes simplex, warts, shingles
Pharmaceutical treatment: antiinflammatory steroids or antihistamines
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diseases of the Skin—Bacterial
Infection
• Occurs when bacteria penetrate the skin
•
•
•
•
and cause opportunistic infection
Most common bacterial infections:
staphylococci, streptococci, and
pseudomonas
If left untreated, may spread throughout
the body, causing systemic infections
Examples: cellulitis, impetigo, folliculitis
Pharmaceutical treatment: oral antibiotics
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diseases of the Skin—Fungal Infection
• Occurs when harmless fungi gain entry
•
•
•
into the skin
Usually external, affecting the skin, hair,
and nails
Examples: athlete’s foot, jock itch,
ringworm
Pharmaceutical treatment: topical
antifungals
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diseases of the Skin—Acne
• Bacterial infection
• Results in an overproduction of sebum,
•
•
which clogs the hair follicles
Categorized as noninflammatory or
inflammatory
Pharmaceutical treatment: topical
antiseptics
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diseases of the Skin—Cellulitis
• Acute, deep infection of the connective
•
•
tissue
Accompanied by inflammation
Pharmaceutical treatment: oral or IV
antibiotics
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diseases of the Skin—Parasitic
Infestations
• Caused by insects or worms that burrow
•
•
into the skin to live and/or lay eggs
Examples: scabies, lice
Pharmaceutical treatment: antiparasitic
topical agents
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 21.3
Parasitic infestation—head lice.
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diseases of the Skin—Tumors and
Cancerous Growths
• Occur when skin cells multiply or
•
•
•
reproduce faster than normal
Cells without mutation are noncancerous
or benign
Tumors or skin growths with mutation are
cancerous or malignant
Pharmaceutical treatment: topical
chemotherapeutic agents,
immunomodulators, NSAIDs for
precancerous actinic keratosis
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 21.4
Basal cell carcinoma.
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Figure 21.5
Malignant melanoma.
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Diseases of the Skin—Pigmentation
Disorders
• Skin color is determined by the amount of
•
melanin produced by the body
Hypopigmentation—loss of skin
pigmentation
– Example: vitiligo
• Hyperpigmentation—excess skin
pigmentation
– Examples: freckles, age or “liver” spots
• Pharmaceutical treatment: none
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 21.1
Drugs Used to Treat Various Skin Diseases
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 21.1 (continued)
Drugs Used to Treat Various Skin Diseases
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 21.1 (continued)
Drugs Used to Treat Various Skin Diseases
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 21.1 (continued)
Drugs Used to Treat Various Skin Diseases
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 21.1 (continued)
Drugs Used to Treat Various Skin Diseases
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
Table 21.1 (continued)
Drugs Used to Treat Various Skin Diseases
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.