Transcript New Contra PPT - Warren Hills Regional School District

Persuasive Argument: Condoms Should Be
Made Available to High School Students
• Directions: Write a 5 paragraph persuasive
argument concerning the above statement.
All papers must include an introduction, 3
separate paragraphs that support/prove your
point, and a conclusion that leaves the
reader with a solid understanding of the
writer’s position.
Pro Choice or Pro Life
1. Where do you stand?
2. How significant is your agreement/position
with the philosophy chosen in number
one?
- 40 (pro-choice) ---- (pro-life) + 40
Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Mixed Feelings
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
BMI
• What is the correlation between
contraception and body mass index (BMI)?
Roe v. Wade
• In the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision, the U.S.
Supreme Court ruled that a woman, in
consultation with her physician, has a
constitutional right to choose abortion in the
early stages of pregnancy-that is, before
viability (24 weeks).
Abortion Control Act
• In 1982, Pennsylvania passed the Abortion
Control Act. This Act required women to
give:
1. Informed consent before abortions could be
performed.
2. Imposed a 24-hour waiting period upon
women seeking abortions, during which time
the women would be provided with
information regarding abortions.
Abortion Control Act
3. The act also provided that minors seeking
abortions first obtain informed consent from
their parents, except in cases of "hardship," in
which a court could waive this requirement.
4. Except in "medical emergencies," a wife
seeking an abortion must inform her husband
of her plans prior to the procedure.
Abortion Control Act
5. Finally, the act required that all
Pennsylvania abortion clinics report
themselves to the state.
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
In 1992, Planned Parenthood of Southeastern
Pennsylvania filed a lawsuit against the state,
arguing that the Abortion Control Act violated
the Supreme Court's ruling in Roe v. Wade.
The Court upheld Roe v. Wade and a woman’s
basic right to abortion.
New Jersey Law
• No parental involvement
• No parental notification
• No waiting period
• Age requirement:13 years and older
Medical Abortion
• Abortion Pill (Medicines) that end an early
pregnancy
• 63 days or 9 weeks (Trimester #1)
• Cost: $300.00-$800.00
• 97 % effective
• In the case that the medical abortion does
not work an in-clinic abortion is required
Medical Abortion: Step 1
• RU-486 name under development
– Mifepristone (1st pill) will be taken at a
clinic as well as other antibiotics
• Inhibits progesterone, which breaks
down the uterine lining
Medical Abortion: Step 2
Misoprostol (2nd by mouth or vaginal
suppository)
• Promotes uterine contractions
• Will cause you to have cramps and
bleed heavy
• May see large blood clots or tissue at
the time of the abortion
Step 2 - Continued
• Most women abort within 4-5 hours, but
some take up to a few days.
• Bleeding or spotting may continue for up to
four weeks after taking the Misoprostol.
Step 3
• You must have a follow up visit within two
weeks. This is to make sure that the
abortion is complete and you are well. An
ultrasound will be completed at this time.
• If you are still pregnant you may require an
in-clinic abortion .
In-Clinic Abortions
• Medical procedure to end a pregnancy
• Cost: $300-$1500
• Most common: Aspiration or Vacuum
Aspiration
• Up to 16 weeks
In-Clinic Abortions
Aspiration or Vacuum Aspiration
Procedure that empties the uterus with gentle
suction from a manual syringe. Sometimes a
machine operated suction device is utilized.
Aspiration Abortions
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Uterine exam (Ultrasound)
Pain medication
Speculum inserted into the vagina
Numbing medication for the cervix
Cervix stretched with dilators – series of
increasingly thick rods
• Tube inserted into uterus
• Suction device empties uterus
Aspiration Abortion
• At times a curette is used to remove any
remaining tissue that lines the uterus
• Time required: 10-20 minutes
In-Clinic Abortions
D&E Dilation and Evacuation
• Sometimes referred to as a partial-birth
abortion.
• Partial-birth (D&E) abortions are late-term
abortions of a fetus that has already died, or
is killed before being completely removed
from the mother
In-Clinic Abortions
D&E Dilation and Evacuation
• Procedure used after 16 weeks of
pregnancy, but usually prior to 24 weeks.
• This procedure usually combines a vacuum
aspiration, dilation & curettage (D&C), and
the use of surgical instruments.
In-Clinic Abortions
D&E Dilation and Evacuation
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Receive antibiotics
Positioned on an exam table
Speculum insertion
Antiseptic solution used to clean the vagina
& cervix
• Combination of: Pain medication, sedatives,
spinal anesthesia/block or general
anesthesia to make the patient unconscious.
In-Clinic Abortions
D&E Dilation and Evacuation
• Uterus held in place with medical
instruments
• Dilate the cervix with probes of increasing
size
• Pass a hollow tube (cannula) into the uterus
• Through the cannula a tube, bottle and
pump are attached to provide a gentle
vacuum to remove uterine tissue. This is
when cramping begins.
In-Clinic Abortions
D&E Dilation and Evacuation
• Forceps are used to remove larger pieces of
tissue from the uterus. Usually for
pregnancies beyond 16 weeks.
• A curette is used to gently scrape the lining
of the uterus.
• Suction may be used as a final step to make
sure all uterine tissue is removed.
• Medications to reduce bleeding and an
ultrasound will finalize the procedure.
D&E
• Time requirement: 30 minutes
• Thoughts, comments or questions?
• .
Emergency Contraception or
Morning-After Pills/IUD
1. (ParaGard IUD) Copper-T ($500 $900)
2. ella or Ulipristal Acetate (UPA or
ELLA) ($30 - $65 or Sliding Scale
Cost)
3. Plan B One Step, Next Choice One
Dose & Levonorgestrel ($30 - $65 or
Sliding Scale Cost)
Emergency Contraception
ParaGard IUD Copper-T
*Inserted by a doctor or nurse at a
health center
*Use up to 5 days (120 hours) after
unprotected sex
*Lasts up to 12 years
*99.9% effective
Emergency Contraception
ella or Ulipristal Acetate (UPA or ELLA)
*By prescription only
*One pill
*Use up to 5 days (120 hours) after
unprotected sex
*85% effective
*Less effective for women with a BMI
over 35
Emergency Contraception
Plan B One Step, Next Choice One Dose &
Levonorgestrel
*Available to anyone without
prescription
*One pill
*Use up to 72 -120 hours after accident
*Effectiveness: 75%-89%
*Less effective for women with a BMI
over 25. May not work for women with a
BMI over 30
Body Mass Index (BMI)
BMI is a number based on your height
and weight. It’s a way to figure out if
you are at a healthy weight for your
height. In general, the higher the
number, the more body fat a person
has. BMI is often used as a screening
tool to decide if your weight might be
putting you at risk for health
problems.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
BMI is usually used to broadly define
different weight groups in adults 20
years old or older. The same groups
apply to both men and women.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Underweight: BMI is less than 18.5
Normal Weight: BMI is18.5-24.9
Overweight: BMI is 25-29.9
Obese: BMI is 30 or more
What You Need to Know About
Nonoxynol-9
• N-9 is the active ingredient in all of the
over-the-counter (OTC) spermicidal
products available in the U.S. and has been
used for pregnancy prevention since the
1950s. An Advisory Review Panel of the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has
deemed N-9 a safe and effective
contraceptive.
N-9
• N-9 is the active ingredient in all OTC spermicidal
products in the U.S. N-9 is a chemical detergent
that damages sperm cell membranes, killing the
cells.
• N-9 is marketed and sold as a spermicidal
contraceptive product in several different
formulations, including:
• - Suppositories - Foam - Film - Gel - Cream
N-9 USE
• Diaphragms and cervical caps are FDA approved
for use in conjunction with spermicidal gels and
creams. Also, some condoms include a
spermicidal lubricant.
N-9 USE RECOMMENDATIONS FROM
WHO & CDC
• N-9 can be used as a contraceptive, alone or in
combination with a cervical barrier method, and
among women at low risk of HIV/STI infection
(Use the product no more than once daily.)
• N-9 should not be used for the purpose of
HIV/STI prevention.
• N-9 should not be used for contraception by
women at high risk of HIV infection.
N-9 USE RECOMMENDATIONS FROM
WHO & CDC
• Condoms with N-9 should not be promoted
for disease prevention. (However, it is
better to use N-9-lubricated condoms than
no condoms at all.)
• N-9 should not be used rectally.
Contraceptive foam, film,
suppositories
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Available over the counter
Must be inserted close to time of intercourse
Limited or no STI protection
74%-94% effective
Steps to Success
1. Sexual Arousal
2. Erection
3. Roll on condom
4. Leave room at the tip & squeeze out any air
5. Intercourse
6. Hold onto the base/rim of the condom
7. Withdrawal the penis
8. Orgasm
9. Relaxation
10. Loss of erection
Male Condom
• Made of latex or polyurethane
• Single use barrier method that blocks sperm
from entering the female
• Approximately 85%-98% effective
• Some protection against STIs
• Over the counter
• Inexpensive
• May leak, break, or interfere with spontaneity
Female condom
• Rubber sheath with a flexible ring that is
inserted in to the female
• Single use barrier method that blocks sperm
from entering the female
• 79%-95% effective
• Some protection against STIs
• Over the counter
• May leak, break, or interfere with spontaneity
• More difficult to use
Diaphragm
• Dome-shaped rubber disk that covers the cervix so
sperm cant reach the uterus
• Best if used with a spermicide
• 80%-94% effective
• Inserted before intercourse, left in for at least 6
hours
• Can be used multiple times
• Uncomfortable to use
• Has to be fitted
• Limited protection against STDs
Cervical Cap
• Soft rubber cup with a round rim which fits
around the cervix
• 80%-94% effective
• Hard to insert
• Can remain in place for up to 48 hours
without being removed
IUD (Intrauterine device)
• A T-shaped device inserted into the uterus
by a doctor
• Can last from 1 to 10 years
• About 2 in 100 pregnancies a year
• May result in ectopic pregnancies in the
fallopian tubes
Hormonal Contraception
Combination Pill
• Effectiveness
• Adult Users 99.7%
• Actual effectiveness: 92 %
– Forget to take a pill daily
– Eating disorders
Combination Pill
• Benefits – regular cycle every 28 days, reduces
cramps and flow, reduces risks of uterine and
ovarian cancer and other diseases
• Side Effects – nausea, headaches, weight gain,
fluid retention, bleeding between periods,
depression, mood changes, changes in vision,
dizziness, yeast infections, and smokers increase
chances of stroke and heart attack
• Who should not use it – heavy smokers, suffer
from severe depression, get migraines, have had
blood clots, cancer or blood diseases
• Cost – Depends on insurance coverage
Extended Cycle Pill
• Prevents ovulation, changes lining, difficult for fertilized
ovum to implant, thickens the cervical mucous
• Only four period per year
• 99% effective
• Advantage for women who suffer from severe cramping or
PMS
• Side Effects – irregular bleeding, fluid retention (hands and
feet), raise blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, headache,
vision, appetite, depression infections and allergic
reactions
• Who should not use it – same as mini and combo pill users
• Cost - $100 to $120 for three months
Nuva Ring
• It is a small, flexible ring that is inserted into
the vagina once a month
• It is left in place for three weeks and taken out
for the remaining week
• The Ring releases synthetic estrogen and
progestin to protect against pregnancy for
one month.
Vaginal Ring
• Small, flexible, plastic ring that is about 2 inches
wide
• Placed in the vagina each month and releases
hormones similar to those in birth control pills
• Prevents ovulation, removed after three weeks,
after having a menstrual period insert a new one
• Effectiveness – 98-99%
• Benefits – regular menstrual period, shorter and
lighter flow
• Side effects – bleeding between period, nausea,
headaches, weight gain or loss, mood changes
Vaginal Ring
• Who should not use it
– Smokers, High Blood Pressure, CVD, liver
disease, cancer
– Cost - $30-35 a month
Ortho Evra (patch)
• Patch worn on the lower abdomen or on the upper
body
• Releases progestin and estrogen into the
bloodstream
• Less effective for women weighing more than 198
pounds
• New patch applied once a week for 3 weeks, 4th
week no patch is worn so female can have her
menstrual period
Skin Patch
• Hormones are released to prevent ovulation from
occurring, mucus thickens, ovulation returns three months
after the patch is last used
• Effectiveness – 99% in women who weigh 198 pounds or
less
• Other benefits – menstrual cycle regular, shorter and
lighter flow
• Side effects – bleeding between periods, nausea,
headaches, weight gain or loss, mood changes
• Who should not use them – Same as others, include history
of blood clots
• Cost - $30-$35 a months
Norplant (Implant)
• 6 matchstick sized rubber rods implanted under
skin of the upper arm
• Steadily releases a contraceptive steroid
levonorgestrel
• Very effective. About 1 in 100 pregnancies
• Lasts for 5 years
• Reversible
• Expensive
• No STD protection
Depo-Provera (injection)
• Injectable progestin that prevents ovulation
• Prevents sperm from reaching egg and
keeps egg from implanting in the uterus
• Less than 1 out of 100 pregnancies
• 1 injection every 3 months
• Not safe against STDs
• Fertility may take a few months to get back
to normal
MISCELLANEOUS
WITHDRAWAL
• pregnancy is possible if sperm are
ejaculated on or into the vagina
• not effective against sexually
transmitted infections
WITHDRAWAL
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ADVANTAGES
can be used when no other method is available
POSSIBLE DISADVANTAGES
requires great self-control, experience, and trust
not for men who ejaculate prematurely
not for men who don’t know when to pull out
not recommended for teens
No Method
No Protection
• Free
• No protection against pregnancy
• No protection against STDs
ABSTINENCE
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100% EFFECTIVE
ADVANTAGES
No medical or hormonal side effects
Easy to use
Prevents sexually transmitted infections
100%FREE
POSSIBLE DISADVANTAGES
many people find it difficult to abstain from
sex
• many people fail to use protection when
abstinence ends
• A commitment required by both people
• Peer pressure
STERILIZATION
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ADVANTAGES
permanent protection against pregnancy
no lasting side effects
no effect on sexual pleasure
protects women whose health would be seriously
threatened by pregnancy
POSSIBLE DISADVANTAGES
risks of minor surgery if incision is made
some people later regret not being able to have
children
not usually reversible if you change your mind
rarely, tubes reopen, allowing pregnancy to occur
STERILIZATION
• Tubal sterilization — intended to permanently
block woman's tubes where sperm join egg
• Vasectomy — intended to permanently block
man's tubes that carry sperm
• 99.5-99.9% EFFECTIVE
Not effective against sexually transmitted
infections — use latex or female condoms to
reduce the risk.
STERILIZATION
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Tubal sterilization
bruising if incision is made
very rare injury to blood vessels or bowel
pregnancies that rarely occur are more likely to be
ectopic (in a fallopian tube)
Vasectomy
infection or blood clot in or near the testicles
temporary bruises, swelling, or tenderness of the
scrotum
sperm leakage may form temporary small lumps
near testicles
STERILIZATION
• COST
$2,000-$6,000/ tubal sterilization
240-$520/ vasectomy
(Vasectomy costs less because it is a
simpler procedure that can be done in the
clinician’s office.)
OUTERCOURSE
• NEARLY 100% EFFECTIVE
• pregnancy is possible if sperm are ejaculated
on or inside the vagina
• reduces the risk of many sexually transmitted
infections — unless body fluids are
exchanged through unprotected oral or anal
intercourse.
Outercourse
• ADVANTAGES
• no medical or hormonal side effects
• may prolong sex play and enhance
orgasm
• can be used when no other methods
are available
Outercourse
• POSSIBLE DISADVANTAGES
• many people find it difficult to abstain
from vaginal intercourse
• many people fail to use protection from
pregnancy or infections if intercourse
takes place
Fertility Awareness Methods
• Nothing to purchase
• Permitted by some religious groups that
don’t allow other methods
• Requires commitment to other person
• No intercourse during menstrual cycle
• 80%-99% effective if done correctly
Facts to Know About Birth Control
Methods
• How it works: the way the birth control methods
works to prevent pregnancy
• Instructions for correct use: directions for using
the birth control method the right way
• Effectiveness:
– Theoretical Effectiveness: % that tells how well birth
control works if adult users use it the correct way every
time and have no preexisting conditions that reduce
how well it works
– Actual user Effectiveness: % that tells how well birth
control works if adult users do not use it in the correct
way and have no conditions that reduce how well it
works
Facts To Know
• Other Benefits from correct use: benefits from
the birth control method that are in addition to its
use to prevent pregnancy
• Side Effects: unwanted changes, including health
risks, that might occur when the birth control
method is used
• Who should not use: a list of cautions that
identify users who should not use the birth control
method because it might cause health risks or
might be inappropriate
• Cost: an estimate of how much money the birth
control method will cost
Kinds of Birth Control methods
• Abstinence from Sex
• Oral Contraceptives - Combination Pill, Progestin Only
Pill, Extended-Cycle Pill
• Vaginal Ring
• Injectable Contraceptives – injectable Progestin
• Skin Patch
• Barrier Methods – Spermicides, Diaphragm, Cervical cap,
Male and Female Condom
• Fertility Awareness Methods – basal Body Temperature
Method, The Calendar Method, The Mucous Method
• Sterilization – Tubal Ligation (Female), Vasectomy (Male)
• Unreliable Methods – The Douche and Withdrawal