Transcript Preparing 90% ethanol

THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF
HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINES.
TECHNOLOGY OF BASIC
HOMEOPATHIC MEDICATIONS
(ESSENCE, TINCTURE, SOLUTIONS,
TRITURATIONS).
1
Homeopaths treat people based on genetic and personal
health history, body type, and current physical, emotional, and
mental symptoms. Patient visits tend to be lengthy. Treatments
are "individualized" or tailored to each person – it is not
uncommon for different people with the same condition to
receive different treatments.
Let us now turn to a traditional hypothesis of how
homeopathy might work. While allopathic treatment is based
on theory, logical deductions or generalisations from
experimental evidence, homeopaths derive their clinical
knowledge purely from observing the action of remedies on
live patients.
Underpinning homeopathy (and other complementary
disciplines) is a vitalist philosophy, according to which the
living organism is subject to ‘laws’ that are very different from
those found in physics, chemistry or the biological sciences.
These laws have also been determined by observation, not by
deduction from theoretical principles.
2
Homeopathy is a vitalist philosophy that interprets diseases and sickness as caused by
disturbances in a hypothetical vital force or life force. It sees these disturbances as
manifesting themselves as unique symptoms.
Homeopathy maintains that the vital force has the ability to react and adapt to internal and
external causes, which homeopaths refer to as the law of susceptibility. The law of
susceptibility implies that a negative state of mind can attract hypothetical disease entities
called miasms to invade the body and produce symptoms of diseases. However, Hahnemann
rejected the notion of a disease as a separate thing or invading entity and insisted that it was
always part of the "living whole".
Hahnemann believed that the body contains an innate power to heal itself; he called
this the vital force.
He believed that when a person is ill this force becomes disordered and that
homoeopathic medicines are able to restore it in a unique way.
The choice of medicines depends on the symptoms that are present and is called the
symptom medicine.
Homeopaths consider disease to be an expression of the ‘vital force’ of each individual.
Since all individuals are quite different in their expression of the vital force, patients are treated
according to their idiosyncratic, rather than their common, symptoms. The symptoms are
important only in that they act as an indicator for the selection of an appropriate remedy.
The essential concept of homeopathy is ‘self-recovery’.
3
According to vitalism, the body comprises a hierarchy of
parts – cells, tissues, organs – systems that are all fully
interdependent in both ascending and descending order, and
whose relationship to one another is controlled by a steering
entity – the vital force. Under normal conditions, the vital force
is thought to be responsible for the orderly and harmonious
running of the body and for coordinating the body’s defenses
against disease.
It is believed that the vital force operates on three different
vibratory levels or planes, listed below in order of importance:
1. mental: where changes in understanding and
consciousness are recorded; examples are confusion,
delusions, lack of concentration, lethargy, absent-mindedness
2. emotional: where changes in emotional states are
recorded; examples are anguish, anxiety, apathy, envy, fear,
irritability, joy, love, sadness
3. physical: where changes to the body’s organs and
systems are recorded; examples are organ malfunctions and
disease, injuries, sex, sleep.
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The three planes may be depicted as a set of concentric circles with the
mental plane, the most fundamental, being represented by the innermost
circle.
A person can survive with a physical infirmity or if emotionally disturbed,
but without a measure of mental health the normal functions within the
community are impossible. Sheila and Robin Gibson have identified a fourth
level, the spiritual, as represented in Figure .
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Homeopathy's efficacy is unsupported by the collective
weight of modern scientific research.
The extreme dilutions used in homeopathic
preparations usually leave none of the original material in
the final product. The modern mechanism proposed by
homeopaths, water memory, is considered implausible in
that short-range order in water only persists for about 1
picosecond.
Pharmacological effect without active ingredients is
inconsistent
with
the
observed
dose-response
relationships of conventional drugs, leaving only nonspecific placebo effects or various novel explanations.
The proposed rationale for these extreme dilutions – that
the water contains the "memory" or "vibration" from the
diluted ingredient – is counter to the laws of chemistry
and physics, such as the law of mass action.
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The extremely high dilutions in homeopathy have been a
main point of criticism.
Homeopathic remedies are usually diluted to the point
where there are no molecules from the original solution left in a
dose of the final remedy. Homeopaths contend that the
methodical dilution of a substance, beginning with a 10% or
lower solution and working downwards, with shaking after
each dilution, produces a therapeutically active remedy, in
contrast to therapeutically inert water.
Practitioners of homeopathy contend that higher dilutions
produce stronger medicinal effects. This idea is inconsistent
with the observed dose-response relationships of conventional
drugs, where the effects are dependent on the concentration of
the active ingredient in the body. The laws of chemistry state
that there is a limit to the dilution that can be made without
losing the original substance altogether.
This limit, which is related to Avogadro's number, is roughly
equal to homeopathic potencies of 12C or 24X (1 part in 1024).
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In any given population the following may be
observed:
1. People react to homeopathic remedies with
different levels of intensity.
2. Some people respond especially well to a
particular remedy.
3. Among people in this unique group, certain
physical and mental characteristics appear to be
common (e.g. skin texture, hair colour, height and
weight). Further, these people also tend to suffer from
similar complaints (premenstrual syndrome).
4. Parallels can often be drawn between certain
characteristics shared by people in this group and the
physical or chemical properties of a remedy.
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A. Phosphorus person tends to be volatile, tall and slim, often with freckles
and red hair. They tend to ‘explode’ on occasions when they are under mental strain
– a bit like phosphorus bursting into flame if not kept under the right conditions.
Despite this possibility, an Indian doctor has suggested that a man would be very
lucky to marry a woman with a Phosphorus constitution. She would be good
looking, fastidious, sensitive, sympathetic and loving. In addition she would be
romantic, sociable and sexy!
B. Pulsatilla person is said to be very changeable. The remedy comes from the
‘wind flower’, a plant so named because it sways in the wind from one side to
another, changing its direction frequently. This characteristic is often reflected in
uses of the remedy; for example, Pulsatilla can be used to treat a cough that tends
to be dry at night but productive in the morning, or hoarseness that comes and goes
– two conditions that may be described as being changeable.
C. Natrum mur person tends to be ‘pear-shaped’, likes lots of salt and often
suffers from constipation. They often have a withdrawn or introverted personality
and a liking for their own company.
D. Sepia person might be portrayed as being a tired mother on a washing day
with a painful back, perspiring profusely and with a headache. She is tall and slim
with a sallow complexion. One of her five children is screaming but she takes no
notice; when her husband appears home and tries to give her a kiss she turns
away.
E. Sulphur person is characterized by: a lean body and stooping shoulders;
likes fresh air and hates tight clothes; has cold feet and warm head; hot sweaty
hands. ‘Absent-minded professor’ image.
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Characteristics of group
Fat, fair, chilly, lethargic
Examples of likely constitutional type
remedies
Calc carb, Calc phos, Lycopodium, Phos, Silica
Backward, development delayed Baryta carb, Carbo veg, Natrum mur, Sepia
With skin problems
Graphites, Psorinum, Antim crud, Petroleum
Warm blooded, affectionate
Pulsatilla, Kali sulph, Sulphur, Thuja
Nervous disposition
Arsen alb, Chamomilla, Cina, Mag carb, Ignatia
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There is also a constitutional response
associated with miasms. The miasms are not
always associated with specific diseases, but
rather with types of constitutional states that affect
the way a person experiences disease. For
example, people with syphilitic miasms tend to
suffer from ulcers in the stomach, duodenum or
mucous membranes, bone and tissue deformities
and be prone to alcoholism.
Constitutional prescribing will stimulate the total
reserve of vital energy of the person. It increases
resistance, improves well-being, increases the
possibility of avoiding relapses and helps recovery
from diseased states.
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Remedy
Constitutional features
Arsen alb
Intelligent, fastidious, fussy, restless, exhaustion after slightest activity
Bryonia
Dark complexion, tendency to irritability, often thirsty, vertigo, rheumatics
Calc carb
‘Chalky white’ complexion, apprehensive, forgetful, mentally slow
Carbo veg
Sluggish, fat, lazy; tend to suffer from chronic conditions, faint easily
Graphites
Stout, fair complexion, tendency to skin affections
Ignatia
Nervous temperament, easily offended, erratic behaviour
Lachesis
Great loquacity; restless, uneasy; cannot bear tight clothes
Lycopodium
Pale complexion, afraid to be alone; often has urinary or digestive ills
Natrum mur
Irritable, hasty; likes salt on food; often diabetic; gouty pains
Nux vom
Thin, nervous, irritable, sullen; overbearing; stomach problems
Phosphorus
Tall, slim, reddish hair, freckles; vivid imagination; volatile
Pulsatilla
Fair, warm hearted; changeable nature; weeps easily; female remedy
Sepia
Tall, slim, dark; waxy skin, shuns affection; feels cold in warm room
Silica
Nervous, excitable, cold and chilly people; subject to purulent lesions
Sulphur
‘Poseurish’ outlook, dishevelled, grubby; dislike of water; eye problems
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Homeopathic preparations are prepared of basic homeopathic
remedies with certain contents of active substances. The basic
homeopathic remedies are including:
 Essences (homeopathic mother tinctures) (45%): the juices
from fresh plants or mixture of parts of juice and 90% alcohol for
canning;
 Tinctures (23%): the raw material – dried and powdered
plants, animals or insects (bees, ants). Then raw material has
extracted with 90, 60, 45% alcohol depending on kind of plant by
maceration or percolation (like as usual tinctures). The best
solvent is 70% w/v alcohol.
 Solutions (10%): the raw material – soluble minerals, salts or
acids, then it has dissolved in 45, 60 and 90% alcohol or water;
 Triturations (22%): the raw material – insoluble minerals,
salts, triturated powder from plant’s or parts of them (roots,
seeds). Then it has mixed with milk sugar and triturated in
mortar during an hour.
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The herbals, that don’t content resin, essential oil or compounds of
camphor and after comminuting and pressing them we can obtain more
than 60% of juice, are converted to essences by mixing equal massparts of juice and 90% ethanol.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The algorithm of technology:
Fresh vegetable materials with content more than 60% of juice
Comminute the herbal drug
Expression the juice
Weighing
Preparing 90% ethanol
Mixing equal parts of juice and ethanol
Decantation during 8 days
Filtration
Preparing essence with content ½ of juice and 45% ethanol (Ø)
Quality control
Packaging
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Finished essence must be ‘crystal clear’ – transparent. The
content of active substance into the essence is equal 1/2; and
concentration of ethanol – 43-45%.
The nomenclature of some fresh vegetable materials that
used for preparing homeopathic essences by § 1 W.
Schwabe’s manual:
Aconitum napellus L., Conium maculatum L., Lilium candidum L., Allium
cepa L. (bulbs), Senecio cineratia DC, Lilium tigrinum Ker-gawl., Arctium
lappa L. (roots), Colchicum autumnale L., Menyanthes trifoliate L.,
Aristolochia clematitis L. (grass), Digitalis purpurea L. (leafs to blossoming),
Momordica balsamina L. (ripe fruits), Arundo donax L. (sucker of rhizome),
Solanum dulcamara L. (young suckers with leafs), Cannabis sativa L. (the
ends of caulis), Asparagus officinalis L. (underground suckers), Ecballium
elaterium L. (unripe fruits), Cicuta virosa L. (rhizomes and roots), Avena
sativa L., Equisetum hiemale L., Plumbago europea L., Atropa belladonna
L., Equisetum arvense L. (caulis), Rumex crispus L. (roots), etc.
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The herbals, that don’t content resin, essential oil or compounds of
camphor and after pressing them we can obtain less than 60% of juice,
are converted to essences by § 2 W. Schwabe’s manual. First of all you
must determine a quantity of juice in herbal drug.
Thereto, determine the degree of humidity of mass (comminuted raw
material) under the 1000 C.
If we have succulent plants, we must squeeze out a little of juice and
after filtering determine the content of dry residue under the 1000 C.
If the comminuted mass has a lot of mucilage or too little of juice, we
must add to investigated raw material the equal mass-part of water,
carefully and energetically stir, leave for 24 h and then filter out and
determine the content of dry residue under the 1000C in it.
The content of active substance into the essence, that prepared
according § 2, is equal 1/2; and concentration of ethanol – 43-45%.
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Fresh vegetable materials with content less than 60% of juice
1.
Comminute the herbal drug
2.
Evaluation the humidity of mass under the 1000C
3.
Expression the juice
4.
Evaluation the dry residue of juice under the 1000C
5.
Evaluation the content of juice in the mass
6.
Weighing
Preparing 90% ethanol
1.
Addition ½ parts of 90% ethanol and mixing to pulp
2.
Addition 90% ethanol to obtaining mass that equally mass of herbal’s juice
3.
Maceration during 8 – 10 days
4.
Expression the juice
5.
Decantation during 8 days
6.
Filtration
7.
Preparing essence with content ½ of juice and 45% ethanol (Ø)
8.
Quality control
9.
Packaging
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If the herbal drug contain resins, oils, camphor’s compounds and
less than 60% of juice, the essences is prepared according to § 3 of
W. Schwabe’s manual: one weight-part of quantity of juice and two
weight-part of 90% ethanol.
First of all, determine the humidity, dry residue and then calculate
the quantity of juice in herbal drugs.
Finished essence must be transparent.
The content of active substance into the essence is equal 1/3, the
concentration of ethanol – 57-60%.
The nomenclature of some fresh vegetable materials that used
for preparing homeopathic essences by § 3 W. Schwabe’s manual:
Artemisia abrotanum L. and absinthium L., Acalypha indica L.,
Aesculus hippocastanum L. (purified seeds), Tsuga canadensis L.
(cortex and the ends of branch), Artemisia vulgaris L. (rhizomes and
roots), Citrus aurantium L. (rind of fruits), Baptisia tinctoria R. Br.
(root), Ocimum basilicum L. (leafs), Selenicereus grandiflorus L.
(young stems and flowers ), Dieffenbachia seguina L. (rhizome,
stem, leafs), Clematis recta.
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Fresh vegetable materials with content less than 60% of juice, resins, oils,
camphor’s compounds
1.
Comminute the herbal drug
2.
Evaluation the humidity of mass under the 1000C
3.
Expression the juice
4.
Evaluation the dry residue of juice under the 1000C
5.
Evaluation the content of juice in the mass
6.
Weighing
Preparing 90% ethanol
1.
Addition ½ parts of 90% ethanol and mixing to pulp
2.
Addition 90% ethanol to obtaining mass that equally double mass of
herbal’s juice
3.
Maceration during 8 – 10 days
4.
Expression the juice
5.
Decantation during 8 days
6.
Filtration
7.
Preparing essence with content 1/3 of juice and 60% ethanol (Ø)
8.
Quality control
9.
Packaging
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In homeopathy the alcohol tinctures are prepared
three ways:

from essences that were prepared according to § 1
- 3 of W. Schwabe’s manual;

from dry vegetable and fresh animal material (§ 4);

from fresh herbal drugs and their parts.
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

In accordance with § 1 – 2 for preparing
alcohol tincture from essence is taken 2 parts
of essence and 8 parts of 45% ethanol and
thoroughly mixed. Finished tinctures are
corresponded to the first decimal dilution – (X1
or D1)
In accordance with § 3 for preparing tincture
from essence is taken 3 parts of essence and 7
parts of 60% ethanol and thoroughly mixed.
Finished tinctures are corresponded to the first
decimal dilution – (X1 or D1)
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For such tinctures is used method of two-day maceration with
following percolation: 1 part of dry material and 10 weight-part of
ethanol (i.e. correlation 1:10). The alcohol strength depends on
directions of Pharmacopoeia or W. Schwabe’s manual.
In case of inability of percolation, the alcohol tincture is prepared
with method of maceration. Finished tinctures are corresponded to
the first decimal dilution – X1 (i.e. content of active substance 1:10).
The nomenclature of some vegetable and animal materials that
used for preparing homeopathic tinctures by § 4 W. Schwabe’s
manual:
Aconitum napellus L. (roots), Vitex agnus castus L. (ripe fruits),
Aloe Africana Mill. (etc.), Physeter catodon L. (ambergris), Dorema
ammoniacum D. (resin), Amygdalus communis L. (fresh seeds),
Semecarpus anacardium L. (ripe fruits), Apis mellifica L., Mygale
avicularis L., Aranea diadema L., Calendula officinalis L., Lytta
vesicatoria Fabricius, Capsicum annuum L., Castor fiber L. (wastes
of musk glandules), etc.
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A mother tincture is a solution of a botanical substance and
alcohol made according to standards set by the HPUS
(Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the United States).
Since the process of preparing juice for essences is very
laborious and time-consuming, it is currently from fresh herbal
drugs or their parts homeopathic pharmacies prepare the
mother tincture in the ratios indicated in § 2 and 3 of W.
Schwabe’s manual.
The common feature of this technology is a determination of
quantity of juice in herbal drugs, as stated at § 2, and
distinctive feature is a using for maceration a high strength
ethanol (90%).
The content of active substance in these mother tinctures is
equal 1/2 or 1/3 according to § 2 or 3. In following potentisation
such mother tinctures are reputed 100% (unity) 24and
The basic homeopathic aqueous and alcohol solutions
are prepared from mineral substances and chemical
compounds according to § 5a, 5 b and § 6a, 6 b of
W.Schwabe’s manual.
The technology of basic aqueous solutions by § 5
W. Schwabe’s manual
The features of preparing some substances are
described in Special Articles.
For example, aqueous solutions D1 (X1) of natrium
muraticum, kalium nitricum, borax etc., preparing with 1
part of substance and 8 parts of purified water and 1 part
of 90% ethanol, because these solutions are prepared for
stocks.
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In these cases acid is a unit depending on it density and
percentage, that is indicated for each acid in appropriate article
of W. Schwabe’s manual. The aqueous solutions are
immediately used for preparing dose forms. If the solution is to
storage, in the label must be designated “aqueous”, the date of
prepare, the name of medicine and its dilution.
The nomenclature of some substances that used for
preparing aqueous solution by §5 of W. Schwabe’s manual:
Acidum (Ac.) aceticum, Ac. formicicum, Ac. hydrochloricum,
Ac. hydrocyanicum, Ac. hydrofluoricum, Ac. lactium, Ac.
nitricum, Ac. phosphoricum, Ac. sulfuricum, Alumen,
Ammonium benzoicum, Argentum nitricum, Arsenicum album,
Aurum muraticum, Barium chloratum, Borax, Bromum,
Cadmium sulfuricum, Calcium aceticum, Ferrum citricum,
Kalium arsenicosum, Lithium carbonicum, Magnesium
sulfuricum, Naja (venom), Pilocarpinum, Tartarus stibiatus,
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Uranium nitricum, Zincum phosphoratum, etc.
For preparing alcohol solution of alcohol-soluble substance
is used 90, 60, 45% ethanol depending on solubility of
substance.
The features of preparing some substances are described in
Special articles.
There is designated the name of medicine, its dilution, an
alcohol concentration and the date of prepare in the label of
aqueous-alcoholic solution.
The nomenclature of some substances that used for
preparing aqueous solution by §6 of W. Schwabe’s manual:
Abies nigra, Ac. benzoicum, Ac. carbolicum, Ac. oxalicum, Ac.
picrinicum, Ac. salicylicum, Amylium nitrosum, Arsenium
iodatum, Atropinum sulfuricum, Barium iodatum, Calcium
iodatum, Glonoinum, Iodum, Kalium aceticum, Magnesium
muraticum, Mercurius cyanatus, Naphthalinum, Oleum
Terebinthinae, Petroleum, Strichninum nitricum, Zincum
valerianicum, etc.
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Homeopathic triturations are the mixes of
medicine
substances,
essences,
tinctures,
solutions or their dilutions with milk sugar (lactose)
or other excipients.
Homeopathic triturations are prepared of dry
substances (mineral, animal material, chemical
compounds) and of liquids different origin
(aqueous, alcohol solutions, essences, tinctures)
according to § 7-9 of W. Schwabe’s manual.
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In this case the certain quantity of medicine substance is thoroughly
comminuted with milk sugar exclusively in porcelain mortar; it is
inadmissible to use metallic mortar. The pulverulence of dry substances
(including metal) and excipients are tested with sieve analysis or with
determination value of outer specific surface.
The triturating and mixing are made during an hour (according to W.
Schwabe’s manual) for increase “the force of medicine” – effective
potentisation. Hygroscopic substances must be comminuted only in warm
mortar.
The generally algorithm of technology of basic powder triturations of dry
substances is shown at figure 3.8.
The nomenclature of some vegetable and animal materials that used for
preparing homeopathic powder triturations by § 7 W. Schwabe’s manual:
Aloe africana Mill., Ostrea edulis L., Cinnamomum camphora L., Corallium rubrum L.,
Indigofera tinctoria L., Lycopodium clavatum L., Sepia officinalis L., etc.
The nomenclature of some mineral substances and chemical
compounds that used for preparing homeopathic powder triturations by § 7
W. Schwabe’s manual: Ac. benzoicum, Ac. carbolicum, Ac. oxalicum, Potassium 30
alum,
Argil burnt, Ammonium benzoicum, Antimonium arsenicosum, Argentum metallicum, etc.
The technology of basic powder triturations of aqueous
or alcohol solutions has analogy with technology of § 7.
But the first decimal dilution (D1) don’t prepare or prepare
very seldom, cause of smearing of milk sugar and
necessity of drying of mix over a long period of time, so
such trituration is prepared starting from second decimal
(D2) or first centesimal (C1) dilution.
When preparing dribble trituration is taken 2 drops of
aqueous solution or 3-4 drops alcohol solutions
(depending on density of solution and strength of alcohol)
of basic remedy (it’s consist 0.1 g medicine) and
comminuted with 9.9 g of milk sugar. In the issue is
obtained first centesimal (C1) or second decimal (D2)
dilution. The similar dilution is obtained from mixing 1 g of
liquids and 99 g of milk sugar.
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According W. Schwabe’s guidelines powder triturations
of essences and tinctures is prepared in three ways:
I. it’s taken 2 weight-part of essence or mother tincture
that were prepared by § 1 and 2, comminuted with 99
weight-parts of milk sugar (by § 7) and in the issue is
obtained first centesimal (C1) or second decimal (D2)
dilution;
II. it’s taken 3 weight-part of essence or mother tincture
that were prepared by § 3, comminuted with 99 weightparts of milk sugar (by § 7) and in the issue is obtained
first centesimal (C1) or second decimal (D2) dilution;
III. it’s taken 1 weight-part of mother tincture that were
prepared by § 4 (of dry herbal drugs), comminuted with
99 weight-parts of milk sugar and in the issue is obtained
first centesimal (C1) or second decimal (D2) dilution. 32
Thank you for attention!
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