Transcript Chapter 22 Life in the Emerging Urban Society 1840

John P. McKay • Clare Haru Crowston •
Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks • Joe Perry
A History of Western Society
Eleventh Edition
CHAPTER 22
Life in the Emerging Urban Society
1840–1914
Copyright © 2014 by Bedford/St. Martin’s
I. Taming the City
A. Industry and the Growth of Cities
1. Deplorable Urban Conditions
- Deadly overcrowding
- Poverty, lack of medical knowledge
- Factories
2. Population Growth
-
English cities 20,000 or more
1801 - 1.5 million 17% of the population
1851 - 6.3 million
1891 – 15.6 million or 54 % of the population
I.
Taming the CityReasons for the
Awful Conditions
* Overcrowding
• Open Drains
• Open sewers
• Coal Fire Factories
• Narrow houses attached in long
rows
• Coal fire steam engines polluted
the air
• Lack of public transportation
• Slow governmental reaction
• Lack of understanding spread of
disease
B. The Advent of the Public Health
Movement
1. Utilitarianism - Jeremy Bentham
(1748-1832)
2. Edwin Chadwick – Commissioner
charged with giving relief to Britain’s paupers
under the revised Poor Law of 1834.
* Disease and death caused poverty and
more disease and the gov. could help by
cleaning up the cities.
1842 Report – Disease was caused by
filthy conditions, lack of sewers, drainage,
and garbage collection. ( chamber pots –
cesspools, open sewers flowed into sources
of drinking water.) EX. Thames in London
Cheap Iron pipes, and tile drains were utilized
Modern Sanitation systems
US, France ,Germany
I. Taming the City
C. The Bacterial Revolution –
Bad Drinking Water??
1. Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) Germ
Theory
- Pasteurization
2. Robert Koch - Pure cultures of
Bacteria/Life Cycles
3. Joseph Lister (1827–1912)
Sterilization of wounds
- 1880’s Germans began sterilizing hand,
instruments and clothing in the ER
- Diphtheria, typhoid, typhus, cholera and
yellow fever became vanishing diseases.
- By 1910 death rates were the same if not
lower for urban compared to rural areas.
I. Taming the City
D. Improvements in Urban Planning -1870’s
1. The Squalor of Paris -Narrow Dark Streets, Slums
2. Georges Haussmann (1809–1884) Urban Planner
3. The New Urbanism – Vienna, Cologne
I. Taming the City
E. Public Transportation
1. Streetcar Lines (1890’s)
2. Suburban Commuting (birth)
II. Rich and Poor and Those in Between
A. The Distribution of Income
1. Workers’ Wages - By 1850 Real Wages were up for
mass of population
2. Income Gaps – 1900- Richest 5% received 1/3 of the
national income. Bottom 30% received less than 10% of
the national income. Low or no taxes on the rich.
The middle class accounted for less than 20% of the
population.
3. New Subclasses - Aristocracy remained at the top of the
social ladder, followed by the new business elite, then a
mixed middle class, working class.
II. Rich and Poor
and Those in
Between
C. Middle-Class Culture
and Values
1. Food (Week vs Month)
2. Servants and Housing
3. Clothing and Culture
4. Values - Strict
Discipline & moral
achievement
II. Rich and Poor and Those in Between
B. The People and Occupations of the Middle Classes
1. Middle-Middle Class- Skilled
* Professionals in law, Business, Medicine, engineers,
architects, chemists, accountants, surveyors, teachers,
nurses, dentists
* Labor aristocracy – construction bosses, factory foreman,
cabinetmakers, jewelers, printers.
2. Lower-Middle Class – Some semi-skilled, some skilled
Factory workers, carpenters, bricklayers, pipe-fitters, some
women.
3. Lower Class – Unskilled labor
Day Laborers, Domestic Servants, Piece work, Sweated
Industries
II. Rich and Poor and
Those in Between
E. Working-Class Leisure
and Religion
1. Drinking
2. Sports and Music
Halls
3. Religion
III. Changing Family Lifestyles
A. Middle-Class Marriage and Courtship Rituals
1. Romantic Considerations
2. Courtship
3. Marriage
B. Middle- and Working-Class Sexuality
1. Middle-Class Double Standards ( Men vs Women)
Pre-Martial sex was taboo for women, Men took advantage
of class status with lower class women, servants,
prostitutes
2. Working-Class Sexual Standards – Pre- Martial sex was
more socially excepted , 1/3 births in Urban areas
occurred out of wedlock.
III. Changing Family Lifestyles
C. Prostitution
1. A Widespread Profession – Licensed & registered
(Italy, France, England, some parts of Germany)
2. Customers - Sailors, soldiers, Middle & Lower
Class Men
3. Prostitutes – Stage of life not permanent
employment
4. Changing Attitudes – Violence, Rape, VD, Middle
Class Values
5. Contagious Diseases Acts – Bi -weekly medical
exams
* Ladies National Association led by Josephine Butler
said the law was abusive, violated rights, and
legitimized male vice. ( Laws were repealed by
Parliament in 1886)
III. Changing Family Lifestyles
D. Separate Spheres and the Importance of Homemaking
1. Separate Spheres
2. Wives
3. Benefits of Homemaking
III. Changing Family
Lifestyles
E. Child Rearing
1. Growing Love Toward Children Mothers, Love and Concern for infants – Breast
Feeding, not wet nursing
Fathers – Gustav Droz’s Papa, Mama, and Baby
– encouraged fathers to be more affectionate
toward children
2. Reduction in Family Size- Fewer
illegitimate babies after 1850, number of
children per family limited, contraception
3. Middle-Class Households - Emotional
Pressure on children, observation, and
discipline
4. Upper-Class Households – Emotional
Distance
5. Lower Class – More independence
III. Changing Family
Lifestyles
F. The Feminist Movement
1. Gender Division – Obstacles for Middle Class
Women, No basic legal rights, including property
2. The Struggle for Equality- Female
Organizations, Victory 1882 law giving women full
property rights
After 1800, white collar jobs, teaching, nursing,
social work
3. The Suffrage Movement – Pankhearst
Movement – Protest Marches, Pressure on
Parliament, jailed, hunger strikes, The Vote in
1919
4. Germany and Socialism – liberation of women
would occur with liberation of the whole working
class through revolution
IV. Science and Thought
A. The Triumph of Science in
Industry
1. Scientific Breakthroughs Fundamental laws of
thermodynamics, Laws of the
Conservation of Energy, Mendeleev (
Periodic Table)
2. The Second Industrial
Revolution - Electricity, Internal
Combustion Engine, R&D
3. Consequences - Little room for
divine intervention, or human will,
“unscientific Poem & religious
revelations seemed inferior
IV. Science and
Thought
B. Darwin and Natural Selection
1. Charles Lyell (1797–1875) Geological
Process of Earth
2. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829)
Forms of Life went through a long process
of adjustment to the environment
3. Charles Darwin (1809–1882) - On the
Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection (1859) - Evolution
4. Social Darwinism – Herbert Spencer
(1820- 1903) applied Darwin to humans.
“Survival of the Fittest”
*Popular with Nationalist & Imperialist to
justify the “advanced” West over colonial
subjects & territories
IV. Science and Thought
C. The Modern University and the Social Sciences
1. Social Sciences – Data collected on children,
population and crime, Sociology
2. Max Weber (1864–1920)- The Protestant Ethic &
the Spirit of Capitalism (1890) – capitalism was
linked to Protestant values of hard work, saving,
investing.
3. Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) – The Elementary
Forms of Religious Life ( 1912) – Psychic & social
basis for Religion, Suicide ( 1897) Rootlessness
caused suicide
4. Gustav Le Bon ( 1841-1931) – The Crowd ( 1895)
alienated masses would gather, emotions would be
lost and could be manipulated by a charismatic
leader
• Sociologists view of industrialization
• Positives: Rationalization & Modernization
• Negatives: Loss of Community & Tradition
IV. Science and Thought
D. Realism in Art and Literature
1. Characteristics
2. Honoré de Balzac (1799–1850)
3. Gustave Flaubert (1821–1880)
4. Émile Zola (1840–1902)
5. George Eliot (1819–1880)
6. Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910)